The Semantics of Everlastingness in Scripture: The Terms עוֹלָם, αἰώνιος, and ἀΐδιος in Contemporary Eschatological Debates

Abstract

This article examines the semantic development of the terms עוֹלָם (ʿolam), αἰώνιος, and ἀΐδιος in the Old Testament, the Septuagint, and the New Testament, and evaluates their significance for contemporary eschatological debates. Attention is given to the relationship between the Hebrew concept of עוֹלָם and its Greek renderings, αἰώνιος and ἀΐδιος, highlighting both their continuities and semantic distinctions. The study argues that while these terms belong to a common vocabulary of permanence and transcendence, they cannot be treated as exact synonyms. Through a philological and exegetical analysis of key biblical texts, the article demonstrates that the language of everlastingness in Scripture is more nuanced than is often assumed in modern theological discussions. Finally, it explores how the interpretation of these terms continues to influence contemporary debates concerning eternal punishment, universal salvation, and the nature of eschatological fulfillment.