Open access
Tradeoffs between material criticality and environmental impacts for current and future energy technologies
Elisabeth Van Roijen
Greg Avery
Heather M. Mirletz
Tapajyoti Ghosh
Christopher Skangos
Katharine L. Harrison
S. Khalifa
Julien Walzberg
Taylor Uekert
Abstract
Electricity demand is projected to grow substantially due to electrification, industrial expansion, and increased digital infrastructure, with renewable technologies playing a central role in diversifying energy supply and strengthening energy...