Hybrid multicast-based static simulation of VANETs for communication overhead reduction using the M/G/m/m model

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop an efficient hybrid multicast routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using the M/G/m/m queuing model. It aims to reduce communication overhead, improve routing efficiency and enhance data transmission reliability in dynamic vehicular environments. The research focuses on addressing challenges such as network congestion, delays, packet loss and scalability under varying vehicle density and mobility conditions. The study adopts a simulation-based approach using a hybrid multicast routing protocol integrated with the M/G/m/m Markov queuing model. Distance-based pruning, priority scheduling and optimal forwarding techniques are applied to improve routing decisions. The system is modeled and evaluated using OMNeT++ simulations under varying vehicle densities. Performance metrics such as communication overhead, delay, bandwidth utilization and packet delivery efficiency are analyzed and compared with conventional methods. The proposed model significantly improves network performance by reducing communication overhead by 75–95%, end-to-end delay by about 75% and increasing multicast efficiency up to 93%. Distance-based pruning achieves up to 90% improvement in reducing redundant transmissions. The model demonstrates strong scalability and consistent performance under high mobility and dense network conditions, ensuring better resource utilization and efficient data dissemination. The study is limited to simulation-based evaluation and does not include real-world deployment. Environmental factors such as signal interference, hardware constraints and real traffic conditions may affect performance. Future research can focus on real-time implementation, integration with emerging technologies like autonomous vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and further refinement of adaptive routing strategies to handle complex large-scale VANET environments. The proposed routing protocol can be applied in intelligent transportation systems to enhance traffic management, accident prevention and real-time communication. It improves bandwidth utilization, reduces congestion and ensures timely delivery of safety messages such as road conditions and weather alerts. The model supports efficient communication in both low and high-density vehicular environments, making it suitable for real-world vehicular network applications. The improved VANET communication system contributes to safer roads by enabling timely dissemination of critical information such as accidents, traffic congestion and weather updates. It enhances public safety, reduces travel time and supports smart city development. Efficient communication also minimizes fuel consumption and environmental impact by optimizing traffic flow and reducing unnecessary delays. This research introduces a novel integration of the M/G/m/m queuing model with hybrid multicast routing for VANETs. Unlike conventional approaches, it combines distance-based pruning, queuing theory and multicast efficiency to significantly reduce communication overhead while maintaining scalability and robustness. The study provides a comprehensive framework for improving vehicular communication systems and contributes to advancing intelligent transportation technologies.