Nigeria’s Democracy Under Strain: Pathways Beyond Polarization

Abstract

Since Nigeria transitioned to democratic governance in 1999, the country has achieved notable progress, including the seamless transfer of power between civilian administrations. However, ongoing challenges such as ethnic and religious polarization continue to threaten stability and effectiveness, often resulting in tension and conflict. This paper examines the complexities of polarization within Nigeria’s democracy, its impacts, and potential solutions to address these divisions. The analysis is informed by social identity theory. To reflect both historical and contemporary contexts, the study adopts a qualitative, thematic approach within the social identity framework. The findings show that ethnic and religious divisions have weakened democratic governance, heightened social tension and electoral violence, and obstructed effective leadership. The paper underscores the importance of merit-based leadership, civic education, and social justice in reducing polarization. It proposes several strategies, including constitutional reforms, improved regulation of social media, promotion of civic engagement, reinforcement of secularism in the constitution, support for non-tribal leadership, and the rotation of political power.