Vitamin D and Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery: Current Evidence on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, Inflammation and Regeneration: a narrative review

Abstract

Background. Vitamin D plays a pleiotropic role in skeletal muscle physiology and may influence regeneration, inflammation, and adaptation to exercise. Suboptimal vitamin D status is frequently reported among athletes. Aim. To critically synthesize current evidence on the role of vitamin D in post-exercise skeletal muscle recovery, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and athletic performance. Material and methods. A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2012–2026) identified studies on vitamin D and muscle recovery, EIMD, inflammation, and performance. Given heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively; 32 publications were included. Results. Skeletal muscle is a direct target of vitamin D signaling via receptors in myofibers and satellite cells. Findings on EIMD biomarkers and inflammation remain heterogeneous; benefits occur mainly with insufficient baseline 25(OH)D, though also reported in sufficient endurance athletes. Status varies with season, latitude, and sport type, and inadequacy is common. Evidence on injury risk is inconsistent overall but more consistent for stress fractures. Meta-analyses show no consistent ergogenic effect without deficiency. Conclusions. Vitamin D is a supportive nutrient rather than a classical ergogenic aid. Effects depend largely on baseline status, supporting individualized supplementation.