Jul 2026· European Conference on Artificial Intelligence· pp. 1-6· 0 citations· 18 references
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are well-established, smart systems whose significance is rapidly escalating. Geographic routing offers many advantages in terms of network reliability and performance. However, they tend to fail in high congestion and the presence of energy holes. To address these challenges, a new geographic routing technique has been introduced to enhance network performance. The proposed routing algorithm is built upon the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). TOPSIS will use four criteria to forward data reports to the best-neighbor node without causing excessive congestion. In addition, the proposed algorithm will be embedded with a technique that retard the energy hole formation and can bypass them effectively without expanding them. The Path Deviation (PD) technique will prevent repetitive sending along the same paths. PD technique removes the previous forwarding node from the routing table. The proposed routing algorithm outperforms the benchmark algorithms, delivering notable improvements in packet error rate, reaching 29.3% and 16.4% compared to the FTR and EEGR algorithms, respectively. Moreover, the proposed routing algorithm demonstrates enhanced performance over the benchmark algorithms, achieving gains in packet delivery ratio of 2.6% and 1.16%, respectively. At the same time, it outperforms the network lifetime of the FTR algorithm by 28.4% and the EEGR algorithm by 11.7%. Lastly, it reduces latency by 12.2% compared with FTR and 18.2% compared with EEGR.
This research proposes Multi-Objective Di-Strategy GrayLag Goose Optimization (MO-DSGGO) to optimize energy efficiency and reduce delay via effective clustering and routing in WSN that demonstrates more reliable and efficient network utilization.
E. Madhankumar, K. Selvaraj, Dae-Ki Kang· Scientific Reports· 0 citations
The core research goal of this paper is to optimize dynamic routing protocols to improve the performance of the classic LEACH protocol in heterogeneous WSNs through a real-time adaptive scheme, which relies on two core methods: a cluster head selection mechanism based on the residual energy criterion, and a priority hop count strategy.
Vishwajit K. Barbudhe, Shruti Dixit· International journal of com...· 0 citations
To address premature node failure in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) caused by limited energy and uneven energy consumption, this article proposes a tree-based routing algorithm with local update capability. Building upon traditional tree-based routing architecture, this algorithm classifies nodes into different tiers according to their residual energy, geographical location, and current connectivity status. These tiers undergo real-time dynamic updates to adapt to packet transmission demands. Routing paths are adaptively adjusted based on tier variations: when a node’s tier rapidly decreases, its associated routes undergo local updates to minimize energy consumption, thereby prolonging the life time of lower-tier nodes as effectively as possible. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with three other algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieves a more balanced energy consumption distribution among nodes, significantly extends the network’s stability period, and further enhances the overall network lifetime.
Energy-efficient and robust routing remains a critical problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where limited energy resources and dynamic topologies hinder performance. To address this challenge, a novel cluster-based routing protocol FGOGNN is proposed in this paper, which integrates a Fungal Growth Optimizer (FGO) for adaptive cluster head (CH) selection and a Graph Neural Network (GNN) for inter-cluster routing. The FGO simulates fungal growth processes, ensuring balanced and energy-efficient CH selection while preventing premature convergence. In the routing phase, the GNN dynamically adapts routing paths by leveraging node energy, connectivity, and directional edge features, offering low computational overhead while maintaining accuracy. Extensive simulations show that FGOGNN outperforms existing routing protocols, extending network lifetime by up to 75% and improving throughput by 38%, with a reduction in end-to-end delay. These results demonstrate FGOGNN’s potential for deployment in real-time WSN applications, where energy efficiency and dynamic adaptability are paramount.
Huang-shui Hu, Shuo Liu, Qier Kang et al.· Symmetry· 0 citations
A cluster-based proactive routing protocol designed for three-tier energy-heterogeneous WSNs, aiming to enhance network lifetime and energy efficiency, and modified to address the challenge of long transmission distances for low-power nodes by strategically deploying them in specific network zones.
F. A. Mohamed, E. Hassan, M. Dessouky et al.· Scientific Reports· 0 citations
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are a useful means for communication in military and emergency situations, as well as for various types of smart sensors and other mobile applications, since they allow mobile nodes to interact with each other without relying on a fixed communication structure. However, fast-moving and unpredictable nodes result in frequent changes to the topology of the network which also result in inconsistent route selections and more energy used to send and receive packets, thus leading to lower overall performance on the network. This paper introduces an adaptive routing scheme based on the Shrike Optimization Algorithm (ShOA) for improving MANET performance by overcoming these issues. The proposed Scheme identifies the most efficient routing paths through the use of the predation and decision-making abilities of Shrike Birds. This Shrike-based routing design reduces the amount of information lost in the form of packet losses and routing overheads, while providing reliable transfers of data by properly balancing the trade-off between exploring and exploiting. Based on extensive simulation results, the proposed ShOA-based MANET exhibits substantially improved performance in the areas of packet delivery ratios, end-to-end delay, throughput, and overall durabilitys compared to both optimization techniques currently used and conventional routing protocols. Therefore,the results support the conclusion that the Shrike Optimization Algorithm offers aviable option for developing reliable and energy-efficient mobile ad - hoc networks for communication
V. Vishu, S. Sivagnanam, L. P. Suresh et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations