2026· International Journal of Advanced Networking and Application· 0 citations
TL;DR
The proposed Energy-Efficient Adaptive On-Demand Distance Vector protocol to reduce extra Route Request (RREQ) packets based on local node density demonstrates that reducing control packets is an effective solution for high-density MANET environments to maintain network stability.
Abstract
High-density Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) often face poor performance because of too many control packets causing broadcast storms. Recent studies improve energy use in smaller networks (up to 100 nodes), but they ignore the high routing overhead in very dense networks. This paper proposes the Energy-Efficient Adaptive On-Demand Distance Vector (EE-AODV) protocol to reduce extra Route Request (RREQ) packets based on local node density. The proposed EE-AODV protocol was tested against standard AODV and DSR using the NS-2 simulator with up to 250 nodes in a 500m x 500m area. Results show that at 250 nodes, EE-AODV keeps the Normalized Routing Load (NRL) low at 0.8120, while AODV's NRL reaches 2.0005. By reducing channel traffic, EE-AODV maintains a strong Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 73.10% and lowers average energy use to 11.24 J per node. This demonstrates that reducing control packets is an effective solution for high-density MANET environments to maintain network stability.
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are a key enabling technology for dynamic, infrastructure-limited IoT environments. The routing protocol is the central design choice in any WMN deployment because throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption and delivery reliability are directly affected by it. A systematic, simulation-based evaluation of two widely studied WMN routing protocols is presented: the reactive Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV, RFC 3561) protocol and the proactive Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) protocol. Simulations were conducted in OMNeT++ 6.3 with the INET 4.5 framework across five network densities $(N \in\{10,20,30,40,50\}$ nodes) in a $1000 ~\mathrm{m} \times 1000 ~\mathrm{m}$ IEEE 802.11g area with a many-to-one UDP traffic pattern representative of IoT data collection. A density-dependent crossover was revealed at approximately $N=20$: lower delay was achieved by DSDV in sparse networks, whereas higher throughput, higher delivery reliability and lower energy consumption were achieved by AODV at higher densities. At $N=50, \approx 35 \%$ higher throughput, zero routing failures and $\approx 8 \%$ lower energy consumption are delivered by AODV. It is indicated by the MAC-layer contention behavior that DSDV's high-density degradation is mainly driven by IEEE 802.11 channel saturation rather than by routing-algorithm deficiencies. Deployment guidelines derived from these findings are provided.
Alá F. Khalifeh, Abdulla Ababneh, Iacovos I. Ioannou· IEEE Jordan Conference on Ap...· 0 citations
The paper introduces RML-ZEREM to solve existing limitations, which functions as a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based Zone-Based Leader-Aware Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs, which serves next-generation MANET applications.
Rani Sahu, Babita Rathore· Journal of Intelligent Compu...· 0 citations
To overcome the inherent compromises between proactive and reactive data transmission in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), this research introduces a novel framework tailored for highly unstable vehicular topologies. The developed system, termed the Dynamic Hybrid Routing Protocol (DHRP), merges the Optimised Link State Routing (OLSR) and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) algorithms. A core feature of this architecture is its cross-layer power management module, which dynamically recalibrates transmission strength and routing paths by analysing real-time vehicle clustering and speed metrics. Comprehensive evaluations conducted via NS-3 and SUMO indicate that the proposed DHRP significantly surpasses both contemporary benchmarks and standard baselines. Notably, the architecture achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) exceeding 90%, limits communication latency to well below the critical 40 ms safety boundary, and slashes energy expenditure by up to 90%. By effectively solving the traditional routing dichotomy, DHRP offers a highly scalable and sustainable communication backbone vital for the reliable operation of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).
These findings verify that MANET transmission is demonstrably enhanced and safer when trust, congestion, and QoS are all addressed concurrently at a particular transit level as opposed to individual-criterion techniques.
Sonia Singhal, A. Kush· JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONT...· 0 citations
The results indicate that E2CMR improves energy efficiency, network stability, and routing performance and is applicable for large-scale energy-constrained WSNs.
Sushma Priyadarshini, A. T· International journal of com...· 0 citations
A novel energy-efficient multipath routing for load balancing (EMRD-LB) is capable of improving the routing performance and reducing delay, reduces packets dropping and improves data receiving.
Aradhana Saxena, Nitika Vats· International journal of com...· 0 citations