Military training area design with GIS analysis

Abstract

The article analyses the design of military training areas using geographic information systems (GIS). It systematises the main stages of range planning – strategic planning, site selection, master planning, detailed design, safety analysis, environmental and noise assessment, and operational planning – and examines how these stages can be implemented in a GIS environment. Special attention is given to the modelling of Surface Danger Zones (SDZ) and the role of high-resolution spatial data obtained from remote sensing, including digital elevation and surface models, LiDAR point clouds and UAV photogrammetry. These datasets enable accurate assessment of terrain, land cover and built-up areas, improving the positioning of firing sectors and reducing risks to soldiers and civilians. The paper also discusses key challenges – data accuracy and availability, inconsistencies between different spatial datasets, regulatory constraints, and conflicts with civil infrastructure, recreation and residential areas. By integrating GIS-based analysis with environmental impact assessment procedures and stakeholder interests, military training areas can be planned in a way that enhances safety, increases planning efficiency and supports more socially acceptable and environmentally responsible military activities.