Open access
From Waste to Supply: A Framework for Scaling Rare Earth Recovery from Secondary Feedstocks
Mohadeseh R Deylami
Abby M. Lunstrum
Shelvey Swett
Shrey K. Patel
Aline Uwase
Othman Alotaibi
H. Pilorgé
Jennifer Wilcox
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are indispensable to clean energy technologies, yet their supply remains constrained by geopolitical concentration and the environmental impacts of conventional mining. Secondary and unconventional feedstocks—including coal...