Zoonoses in the Era of One Health

Abstract

Zoonoses, infectious diseases naturally transmitted between animals and humans, constitute a significant component of global public health. Most emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin, reflecting the complex interactions between humans, animals, and the environment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of zoonotic diseases within the framework of the modern One Health concept, emphasizing the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health. Key topics include the historical emergence of zoonoses, their diverse infectious causes -including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites- and the epidemiological characteristics of both endemic and emerging pathogens. Special attention is given to high-risk populations, including occupational groups, immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, children, and pregnant women, as well as the influence of human mobility and population displacement on pathogen spread. The review highlights the role of environmental changes, wildlife trade, and animal management practices in facilitating the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases. The One Health approach is identified as the most effective framework for surveillance, prevention, and control, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration, vaccination programs, vector control, and public education. Understanding the ecological, epidemiological, and social determinants of zoonoses is critical for mitigating future outbreaks and strengthening global health security.