EV Focused Energy-Optimal Driving Behavior Across Urban and Highway Cycles in Different Driving Conditions

Abstract

We present a unified framework combining theoretical efficiency analysis, route reconstruction, driver-behavior modeling, and full-factorial design-of-experiments (DOE) studies across four driving cycles (NYCC, UDDS, HFEDS, US06) to assess eco-driving for battery-electric vehicles (EVs). Cycles are decomposed into routes of stop signs, traffic signals, and speed-limited segments, distinguishing distance-bound fromdistance-and-time-bound segments. For distance-bound segments, an auxiliary-power-dependent optimal cruising speed is derived from first principles; for time-constrained segments, minimizing average speed subject to the timing constraint minimizes energy use. DOE studies show that across all cycles, cruising speed and auxiliary power dominate efficiency variation; anticipation offers secondary benefits in urban driving, while acceleration/braking aggressiveness have limited influence. Operating context, including route, traffic, and aux loads, governs achievable efficiency far more than driver behavior alone.