Inorganic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in theranostics: A review of applications, methods, and biomarkers for quantification

Abstract

Aim : Over the past decade, nanomedicine has made significant progress in the development of inorganic nanoparticle (iNP)-based drug delivery systems (DDSs). The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent developments in iNP systems, emphasize their advantages as DDSs, and provide detailed commentary on their impact on human health. A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed original research and review articles published between 2020 and 2025. Relevant scientific data on innovative applications of iNPs in cancer therapy were reviewed. The enormous potential of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and iNPs used as carriers of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as innovative strategies for enhancing antitumor treatment is highlighted. Conclusion : Continuous progress in research strategies for synthesizing iNPs with optimal properties while minimizing adverse effects on living cells is a prerequisite for even greater translational potential of iNP-based DDSs.