Teachers’ Adoption of ChatGPT in Higher Education: Integrating Technology Acceptance, Trust, and Perceived Risk

Abstract

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have become increasingly prominent in education, with ChatGPT emerging as a notable tool that enhances learning experiences. This study explores teachers’ attitudes towards the adoption of ChatGPT as a learning technology, focusing on its potential benefits, limitations and implications for education. A quantitative approach was employed, involving an online survey targeting university educators. The survey assessed teachers’ perceptions of ChatGPT in higher education and identified barriers to its implementation. The conceptual framework integrates elements from the Technology Acceptance Model, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and insights from risk perception theory. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling with SMART PLS software, ensuring reliability and discriminant validity. Findings indicate that most teachers view ChatGPT as an effective tool for enhancing student motivation, personalised learning and critical thinking. While teaching experience fosters positive perceptions and reduces perceived risks, it does not significantly influence challenges or trust in adoption decisions. Nonetheless, challenges persist, particularly regarding the reliability of information generated by ChatGPT. This study can assist policymakers, educators and technology developers in collaborating to implement practical and ethical AI-enabled tools like ChatGPT. Ultimately, while ChatGPT holds significant potential as an educational technology, its effectiveness hinges on addressing technical and pedagogical challenges.