From lexicon to metaphor: religious-mythological vocabulary in english and azerbaijani within a comparative-historical framework

Abstract

This article explores the diachronic evolution and metaphorical transformation of religious-mythological vocabulary in English and Azerbaijani within a comparative-historical framework. The problem addressed involves how sacred lexemes—originally tied to theological, ritualistic, or mythological domains—have transitioned into metaphorical expressions that permeate modern discourse. The primary objective of the study is to examine key lexical items such as light, fire, angel, and hell, analyzing how these terms, rooted in Christianity and Islam respectively, carry metaphorical meanings shaped by distinct cultural experiences. The methodology draws on theoretical foundations from cognitive linguistics and cultural semantics, employing qualitative analysis to trace the path from literal lexicon to metaphorical application. The key results reveal that while both languages display universal metaphorical patterns grounded in shared human cognition, their semantic realizations are significantly influenced by divergent religious traditions and sociocultural environments. Additionally, the article addresses the challenges in metaphor translation and the implications for intercultural communication. By analyzing these linguistic shifts, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how religious vocabulary functions not only as a linguistic resource but also as a vehicle for cultural worldviews and collective identity.