Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in different regions of the world, the main causes of its development, associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and modern methods of early diagnosis (literature review)

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious public health problem in all regions and countries of the world. The frequency of CKD stages 3–5 without dialysis, according to large clinical studies, in patients in North America and European countries is from 10 to 21 %, as are the rates of detection of albuminuria and decreased SCF, and in 66–80 % it is accompanied by arterial hypertension. In hypertensive patients with CKD treated with chronic hemodialysis (CHD), the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and complications, including coronary heart disease (CHD) and heart failure (HF), is high and ranges from 36-39 %.Identification of the underlying causes and nephrological monitoring in patients with CKD and renal failure, according to researchers, help to carry out timely preventive and nephroprotective drug therapy and positively influence cardiovascular risk factors. The review provides a detailed analysis of the prevalence, causes, relationship with the risk of cardiovascular diseases and modern approaches to the early diagnosis of CKD. Recently, methods for determining serum and urinary biomarkers of renal tubular damage in patients with cardiorenal syndrome have been introduced into clinical practice for pre-clinical diagnostics of CKD and HF. It has been noted that elevated values   of their levels are stronger predictors of subsequent adverse clinical events, such as hospitalization for HF decompensation, cardiac death, left ventricular assist device placement and heart transplantation than changes in serum creatinine. The review provides a detailed analysis of the prevalence, causes, association with cardiovascular risk, and current approaches to early diagnosis of CKD.