Natural Compounds Targeting Oncogenic Signaling Networks in Glioblastoma: Molecular Mechanisms, Translational Advances, and Clinical Perspectives
TL;DR
The use of molecular diagnostics, including biomarkers, genetic profiling, and advanced imaging, has significantly improved early identification and patient stratification, and the combination of natural compounds shows potential for creating safe, effective, and pathway‐specific treatments for GBM.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and common primary brain tumor in adults, has a poor prognosis, rapid growth, and resistance to treatment. Abnormal activation of signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β‐catenin, NF‐κB, and Notch facilitates uncontrolled proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and immune evasion. Conventional treatments are insufficient in modifying complex networks, necessitating the urgent need for novel multitargeted treatments. Natural compounds are increasingly being considered as potential treatments for GBM due to their ability to control multiple oncogenic pathways simultaneously and their lower toxicity compared to synthetic medicines. This review provides an integrated and translational perspective on GBM, differing from past reviews that focused on the anticancer effects of individual phytochemicals or specific signaling pathways. We discussed the relationship between natural compounds and key oncogenic signaling networks, focusing on GBM pathogenesis, blood–brain barrier penetration, nanotechnology‐assisted delivery, and strategies combining standard therapies. Furthermore, this review critically distinguished in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence, focusing on bioavailability challenges, ongoing clinical trials, and future opportunities in precision oncology.