Literature Review on Low Bone Density in Perimenopausal Women

Abstract

Low bone density is a significant health concern among perimenopausal women, contributing to increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. This review synthesizes current evidence from recent articles to elucidate the etiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies related to low bone density during the perimenopausal period. Hormonal fluctuations, particularly declining estrogen levels, play a pivotal role in bone resorption surpassing formation, leading to decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Additional factors such as nutritional deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and genetic predispositions further exacerbate bone loss. Diagnostic tools like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are essential for early detection. Preventive and therapeutic interventions, including lifestyle modifications, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and pharmacologic treatments like bisphosphonates, are discussed. Emphasizing early identification and comprehensive management can mitigate long-term skeletal complications, improving quality of life in perimenopausal women. Future research directions focus on personalized treatment approaches and understanding molecular mechanisms underlying bone density changes during this transitional phase.