Shifts in rain-on-snow occurrence in northwestern Eurasia and their connection to Arctic 2 sea ice loss 3

Changes in temperature, rainfall and snow cover during the reproductive season of Arctic-breeding birds

Arctic warming is rapidly altering hydroclimatic conditions, yet its implications for the timing and reliability of terrestrial breeding environments remain poorly quantified. This study assesses how changes in temperature, snow dynamics, and rainfall extremes affect the snow-free reproductive window across Arctic tund...

Observed rain–snow partitioning at a Mediterranean mountain forest station: temperature thresholds, humidity sensitivity, and transition-zone uncertainty

CURRENT AND PROJECTED CHANGES IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE COMPONENTS ACROSS BELARUS: PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION AND RIVER RUNOFF

The study presents an overview of the distribution and changes of hydrological cycle's components across the territory of Belarus. In recent decades, precipitation dynamics show no significant trend; however, summer precipitation is decreasing by 2.4 mm per decade, accompanied by an increase in the frequency of heavy r...

Snowmelt Timing and Contrasting Vegetation Responses to Compound Dry–Hot Events in Northwest China’s Mountains

Seasonal snow regulates spring water supply and vegetation development, thereby shaping vegetation responses to summer compound dry–hot events. Whether snowmelt timing relative to event onset explains the contrast between peak damage and cumulative deficit remains unresolved. Regional observations from 2006 to 2025 wer...

Long-term variations of cyclone-influenced exchange flows in the coastal Arctic in 2000-2025

Summertime synoptic weather regulates Arctic land-ocean exchange through meteorological tides during the ice-free period, when the predominantly easterly regime of the Beaufort High is punctuated by episodic Arctic cyclones, changing coastal winds to westerlies. We analyze wind-driven exchange flows in a northern Alask...

Changing snowmelt and glacier-melt contributions reshape hydrological 1 dynamics and flood generation in a high-mountain headwater basin 2