Biological Control as a Sustainable Alternative to Chemical Pesticides: A Field-Based Analytical Study of Farmers' Attitudes in the Middle Euphrates Region

Abstract

This study examined the demographic characteristics of farmers and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding biological pest control and chemical pesticide use. The findings showed that farmers aged 55–65 years represented 53.3% of the sample, while 53.3% had low educational attainment, being either illiterate or having only primary education. All participants owned small farms (2–10 dunums) and had 5–25 years of farming experience, reflecting a predominantly traditional production system. Although 86.7% of farmers were familiar with the concept of biological control, 66.7% had never applied it, and 86.7% questioned its effectiveness. In contrast, 74.7% recognized its environmental value, 73.3% were willing to receive training, and 88.7% considered it economically beneficial, indicating potential for wider adoption if practical support is provided. The study also found a strong dependence on chemical pesticides. About 80% of farmers relied on pesticides as their primary pest management method, while 73.3% applied them without professional consultation. Nearly half (46.7%) did not follow recommended application rates, and 73.4% reported repeated or excessive use. Rapid effectiveness (86.7%) and limited access to alternatives (89.3%) were the main reasons for continued reliance on chemical pesticides. Health and environmental findings showed that 46.7% of farmers experienced pesticide-related health symptoms, and 53.3% did not use personal protective equipment despite universal awareness of pesticide health risks. Most respondents also recognized the negative effects of pesticides on soil (85.3%) and water resources (80%). The study concludes that low educational level, aging farmers, small landholdings, and limited agricultural extension services restrict the adoption of biological control. Expanding field extension programs, practical training, and access to biological alternatives would encourage sustainable pest management and reduce dependence on chemical pesticides.