Human cardiac organoids: multidimensional integration and clinical translation potential

Abstract

Human cardiac organoids are important *in vitro* models for cardiovascular disease research, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Unlike traditional reviews that focus on single technological advances, this article adopts a multi-dimensional integration perspective to systematically summarize innovative breakthroughs in the construction of cardiac organoids through intelligent biomanufacturing, neuro-vascular-immune co-construction, and single-cell omics. On this basis, we analyze the unique value of the integrated human-derived three-dimensional models in revealing novel disease mechanisms, and evaluate their current application status in personalized drug toxicity prediction and cardiac regeneration and repair. Through an interdisciplinary integration perspective, this review provides a theoretical framework and practical reference for advancing cardiac organoids from basic research toward clinical practice.