Unraveling Neurodegeneration: Common Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Concepts in Major Neurodegenerative Disorders

Abstract

Although Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Huntington's disease (HD) present with markedly different clinical phenotypes, these neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) appear to converge on a shared set of underlying molecular disturbances. This review sought to integrate disease‐specific causative triggers with shared pathogenic pathways, focusing on neuroinflammatory signaling, oxidative imbalance, mitochondrial impairment, and disrupted protein homeostasis, in order to support multi‐target, disease‐modifying therapeutic strategies.