Bioplastics: A Sustainable Innovation for a Greener Future

Abstract

Plastic pollution has become a global environmental crisis, threatening ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. The extensive use of petroleum-based plastics, particularly single-use plastics, has resulted in the accumulation of persistent plastic waste in terrestrial and aquatic environments, contributing significantly to microplastic pollution and ecological degradation. Bioplastics have gained considerable attention as sustainable alternatives because they are derived wholly or partially from renewable resources and may exhibit biodegradable properties depending on their composition. Feedstocks such as corn starch, sugarcane, cellulose, algae, and microbial biomass offer environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil-based raw materials while supporting the transition toward a circular bioeconomy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bioplastics, including their classification, raw materials, production techniques, industrial applications, environmental and economic benefits, current limitations, and recent technological advancements, highlighting their role in reducing plastic pollution and advancing sustainable materials science. With growing global interest in eco-friendly alternatives, bioplastics are expected to play a crucial role in reducing plastic waste, promoting green manufacturing, and shaping sustainable consumer behaviour. Continued research, technological innovation, supportive government policies, and improvements in waste management infrastructure will be essential to enhance the performance, affordability, and large-scale adoption of bioplastics in the future.