It is shown that an optimized single-guide RNA scaffold architecture improves RNP stability, and when combined with additional EV engineering leads to a three-hundred-fold increase in potency, enabling efficient base editing or knockout in primary cells, human brain organoids and in vivo, including the mouse brain.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review summarizes nonviral genome-editing delivery platforms for hereditary hearing loss, focusing on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and engineered virus-like particles (eVLPs), and discusses their advantages over adeno-associated virus-based delivery, as well as the barriers to clinical translation.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent advances have established LNPs as a clinically advanced nonviral platform, although challenges related to inner ear biodistribution, cell type specificity, endosomal escape, and immunogenicity remain to be addressed. In parallel, eVLPs have undergone substantial technical evolution, progressing from early low efficiency systems to advanced base editor- and prime editor-eVLP architectures that enhance cargo loading and editing efficiency. Extracellular vesicle-based genome editing has also emerged as an additional platform, although issues related to reproducibility, loading efficiency, and scalability remain major hurdles.
SUMMARY
Nonviral genome editing platforms expand the therapeutic toolkit for hereditary hearing loss by enabling transient delivery of genome editors with potential safety advantages. Future efforts should focus on characterizing biodistribution and immunogenicity, refining cell type-specific tropism, and establishing scalable manufacturing processes to enable successful clinical translation.
S. H. Jang, H. Gee, Jinsei Jung· Current Opinion in Otolaryng...· 0 citations
A comprehensive review of delivery modalities of CRISPR systems solely in vivo that underpin their therapeutic translation and outlines the remaining barriers to durable, tissue-selective, and broadly deployable CRISPR therapeutics is provided.
L. Martin, Jure Bohinc, Alessandra Recchia et al.· International Journal on Bio...· 0 citations
An efficient Cas9d system (Cas9dUltra) is developed through gRNA and protein engineering, and its base editors (9dBEs) further developed through gRNA and protein engineering, enabling efficient and precise genome editing in human cells.
Qingquan Xiao, Zhijin Tian, Luqi Weng et al.· Advancement of science· 0 citations
Key remaining challenges include bystander editing within the activity window, residual off-target DNA and RNA editing, delivery constraints, delivery constraints, immunogenicity, and the need for durable long-term safety evidence across relevant cell types and disease contexts.
Moksada Regmi, K. Ma, C. Bi et al.· Cell Genomics· 0 citations
The continued convergence of nanotechnology and genome engineering may support the development of personalized medicine strategies that adapt genetic engineering tools for patient-specific applications, thereby improving the safety and reliability of gene-editing therapies.
Raheem Mais, Ayush Kumar, Armand Ahmetaj et al.· International Journal of Mol...· 0 citations
A PepFect14 analog is employed to deliver high-fidelity Cas9-ribonucleoproteins and non-viral repair templates into primary human skin cells to mediate gene editing and repair targeting genes underlying the group of genetic skin blistering disorders epidermolysis bullosa (EB).
A. du Rand, Courtney Masterson, Daniel J Verdon et al.· Bioengineering & Translation...· 0 citations