A Novel Class of Pyrazole−1,2,3 Triazole Hybrids: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation

Abstract

A new set of pyrazole‐1,2,3‐triazole conjugates ( 7a–o ) was synthesized via a three‐step protocol that included diazotization, cyclization, and a copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (“click” reaction). The alkyne intermediate was coupled with different aryl azides to obtain the final conjugates, which were carefully confirmed using spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized molecules were tested against MCF‐7 (breast cancer), PC‐3 (prostate cancer), and HeLa (cervical cancer) cell lines using the MTT assay. Some derivatives showed strong antiproliferative activity, especially against MCF‐7 cells. Antimicrobial screening demonstrated broad‐spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity. Molecular docking studies with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR2) revealed favorable binding through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic stacking, which aligned with the observed biological activity. In addition, in silico ADME‐T (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) predictions showed good pharmacokinetic properties and drug‐likeness, supporting their potential as lead molecules for further development. The synthetic method offers advantages such as simple operation, short reaction times, low toxicity, and a broad substrate range, highlighting its usefulness in designing bioactive heterocyclic scaffolds.