Host-pathogen interaction in bacterial leaf blight of rice: Mechanisms of infection, colonisation and symptom development

The Rice-Xoc Arms Race: Molecular Mechanisms and Genomic Strategies Against Bacterial Leaf Streak.

It is concluded that future breeding programs will integrate advanced genetic and computational tools to develop rice varieties with durable and broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial leaf streak and other pathogens.

Insights into the application and functional mechanisms of biocontrol against fungal pathogens in rice

More than 50% of the world's population is reliant on rice (Oryza sativa L.) as their main dietary source, but harmful fungal diseases are a constant threat to its production. Each year, significant yield losses occur due to pathogens like Rhizoctonia solani (sheath blight), Magnaporthe oryzae (rice blast) and Ustilaginoidea virens (false smut). The frequent use of chemical fungicides used to treat these diseases have led to the development of tolerance pathogen stress and serious environmental issues. A viable and long-term alternative is biological control, which makes use of more beneficial microorganisms called biocontrol agents (BCAs). This review summarizes recent findings on the use and actual mechanisms of BCAs against the primary rice fungal pathogens. We analyze the variety of microbial antagonists, which comprise the fungal and bacterial genera Trichoderma and Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces and other endophytic fungi. These BCAs have a variety of functional mechanisms, include competition for nutrients and space, direct hostility through mycoparasitism, and antibiosis, as well as indirect mechanisms such as the induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in the host plant and plant growth promotion (PGP).We discuss a variety of methods of application, like as foliar sprays, soil inoculation, and seed dressing, and focus on the significance of developing stable and efficient formulations. In order to improve the efficacy and reliability of biocontrol in rice agroecosystems, we deal with the issues preventing the broad use of BCAs, such as uneven field performance and regulatory barriers, and we suggest future research possibilities, such as the development of synthetic microbial consortia and the application of multi-omics technologies.

Host-recruited Bacillus and Pseudomonas strains provide potential biocontrol and yield protection against rice bacterial leaf blight

Pronounced cultivar × treatment interactions confirmed that PGPR efficacy is modulated by host genetic background, with resistant varieties carrying pyramided Xa resistance genes showing additive responses to biological treatment.

The role of Fusarium oxysporum effector protein Avr2 in resistance and pathogenicity

Phenotypic expression of the gene‐for‐gene interaction in plant pathogenic bacteria: An implication for resistance to bacterial diseases by plants

Plant pathogenic bacteria cause massive losses in agriculture and damage to natural plant habitats. Bacterial pathogens not only reduce crop production, but they also reduce crop quality by releasing toxins into the environment. Pathogenic bacteria that invade plant tissues must overcome the plant's defense mechanisms. Plants possess an innate immune system that defends against pathogens. Their primary immune system detects microbe‐associated molecular patterns of potential pathogens through pattern recognition receptors, initiating a basal defense response. A gene‐for‐gene relationship occurs when the presence of a gene in one population depends on the continued presence of a gene in another population, and the interaction between these genes results in a single phenotypic expression, allowing the recognition of the relevant gene's presence or absence in either organism. The presence of a resistance (R) gene in plants and an avirulence (Avr) gene in bacteria is often utilized to evaluate plant resistance to bacterial infections. Plants' recognition of bacteria is considered the initial critical event in their response. This recognition can occur through physical interactions, such as adhesions, fimbriae, flagella, and Type III and Type IV secretion systems, or through signaling by small molecules. Secretion is a vital function for prokaryotic organisms to interact with their environment. Bacterial pathogens utilize specialized protein secretion systems that play multiple roles in enhancing virulence. These roles include improving attachment to eukaryotic cells, scavenging resources in environmental niches, and directly intoxicating target cells. Toxins and effector proteins are the key virulence strategies of Gram‐negative bacterial pathogens, with characterized effectors acting as enzymes to suppress plant immune perception and promote bacterial colonization. Biofilms also shield bacteria from harmful environments, and biofilm formation appears to be a significant factor in the bacterial pathogen disease cycle in plants. Quorum sensing is a method of bacterial communication that controls virulence. This review will focus on plant immune responses to bacterial pathogens, bacterial protein secretion systems, quorum sensing, and biofilms. It will also explore their roles in enhancing the virulence of bacterial pathogens based on gene‐for‐gene interactions and the implications for plant resistance to bacterial infections.

The pivotal role of PtGH1 and PtCBM1 in facilitating host colonization during wheat leaf rust pathogenesis

Together, these findings identify PtGH1and PtCBM1 as distinct virulence factors that act through complementary mechanisms, involving physical facilitation and enzymatic degradation of host cell walls, illustrating how the leaf rust fungus overcomes host immunity and provides potential molecular targets for developing durable wheat resistance.