Designing Core Layer in Campus Network Using Software-Defined Networking

Supporting VNF chains: an implementation using Segment Routing and PCEP

Supporting VNF chains: an implementation using Segment Routing and PCEP

Software Defined Networks, Virtual Network Functions, and Cloud-native Network Functions

: The development of computer networks is a very dynamic process tackling perpetually increased needs and emerging applications. To transition from legacy computer networks with hardware infrastructure to software-based and service-oriented networks, technologies such as Software Defined Network (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) are implemented. SDN and NFV are key technologies for 5G, edge computing and Internet of Things (IoT). Both enable flexibility and lower costs through the virtualization of network functions (e.g. routers, firewalls, gateways, load balancers) on standard hardware, as well as centralized network management through software. New solutions are emerging, with a focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration, network slicing for specific uses, and automation to reduce both complexity and costs. Virtual Network Function (VNF) and Cloud-Native Network Function (CNF) are essential concepts in contemporary digital communications and telecommunication systems. VNF virtualizes network functions, decouples software from hardware, in order to achieve flexibility and uses Network Functions Virtualization - Management and Orchestration (NFV-MANO) framework for orchestration. Virtualized routers, load balancers, directory services, firewalls, wide area network (WAN) optimization, and network address translation (NAT) services are typical VNFs. CNF is an innovative approach to networking, which simplifies and scales networking functions utilizing the cloud. CNFs offer improvements that include lightweight containers for more agility, microservices, faster scaling and efficiency, using cloud-native principles for dynamic orchestration and better resource utilization. The core differences between these two are in routing packets and architecture; VNFs virtualize hardware with Virtual Machines (VMs), whereas CNFs use containers and cloud-native design for modularity and resilience.

Virtual LAN (VLAN) and Inter-VLAN Routing Performance Analysis

Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) are a foundational mechanism for logically segmenting switched networks into broadcast domains that align with organisational, security, or functional boundaries rather than physical wiring. Because hosts in different VLANs cannot communicate without a Layer 3 device, inter-VLAN routing is required whenever segmented networks must exchange traffic, and network designers commonly choose between two established approaches: Router-on-aStick (RoAS), in which a single router interface carries tagged traffic for multiple VLANs over sub-interfaces, and Switched Virtual Interface (SVI) routing on a Layer 3 switch, in which routing is performed in hardware using an internal virtual interface per VLAN. This paper presents a performance analysis of these two inter-VLAN routing architectures, evaluated through a simulation-based experimental design using packet-per-second throughput, end-to-end latency, jitter, and packet loss as the primary metrics under varying traffic loads. Building on configurations and metrics reported in existing networking literature and vendor documentation, this study develops a structured test topology, a repeatable measurement methodology, and a comparative analysis framework suited to a laboratory or campus-network setting. The analysis indicates that SVI-based interVLAN routing consistently outperforms Router-on-a-Stick in throughput and latency because routing decisions are made in application-specific hardware rather than in a shared-bandwidth software path, while Router-on-a-Stick retains advantages in initial cost and configuration simplicity for small networks with few VLANs. The paper concludes with practical selection guidelines for network administrators and polytechnic-level networking laboratories, and identifies directions for extending the analysis to physical hardware testbeds and higher VLAN counts.

A COMPREHENSIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WLAN PROTOCOLS USING THE NS-2 NETWORK SIMULATOR

Objective: This project focuses on simulating a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) using NS-2, specifically targeting a peer-to-peer (Ad-hoc) network. Method: By utilising an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS), we enabled wireless devices to communicate directly with one another without relying on a central access point or base station. A network bridge was also integrated to connect the WLAN to external networks. Our approach began with a thorough examination of wireless simulation types and the key factors that influence network performance. From there, we mapped out a topology modelled after a university campus, strategically spacing out wireless nodes and adjusting their transmission power to ensure full coverage. To evaluate efficiency, we measured key performance metrics—including packet delivery ratio, delay, jitter, and throughput—and analysed how they scaled with traffic volume. Finally, we deployed and compared three routing protocols (AODV, DSR, and DSDV) to find the most efficient fit. Results: Ultimately, this allowed us to design a highly optimised, resource-efficient network layout that maximises performance without wasting bandwidth. Novelty: This project compares the performance of AODV, DSR, and DSDV routing protocols within an IBSS-based WLAN simulation to identify the most efficient protocol for a university campus network topology.

Computer Engineering Laboratory Network Design

This study presents the design, implementation, and validation of a robust, high-availability Local Area Network (LAN) infrastructure tailored for a Computer Engineering laboratory. As modern engineering education demands resilient environments capable of supporting high-density client workloads, centralized resource sharing, and secure network boundaries, this project addresses these requirements through a structured engineering framework. The proposed topology utilizes a cascading branch architecture, connecting forty student workstations, an instructor PC, a central file server, and a shared network printer within a unified 192.168.1.0/24 Class C private IPv4 subnet. To accommodate external connectivity and administrative security, the design integrates a Layer 3 gateway router with Network Address Translation (NAT) and a logically isolated wireless access point for guest users. The network architecture was modeled and validated using the Cisco Packet Tracer simulation environment, leveraging the Cisco IOS Command Line Interface (CLI) for precise, professional-grade configuration. The implementation followed a systematic pipeline, including core routing setup, infrastructure node provisioning, and the deployment of both static and dynamic host configurations via DHCP. To ensure performance and reliability, an empirical validation protocol was executed, utilizing Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) diagnostics to test end-to-end reachability. The results demonstrate a 100% transmission success rate across all internal network segments, confirming the stability of the cascading switch design and the effectiveness of the chosen topology. Furthermore, the successful verification of NAT translation and guest wireless isolation validates the network's readiness for secure production deployment. This project provides a scalable, efficient blueprint that balances pedagogical computing needs with professional networking standards, serving as a reliable reference for institutions seeking to optimize their laboratory network infrastructure.