Streaming P300 Acquisition and Statistical Signal Validation Across Five EEG Platforms: A Hardware-Agnostic BrainFlow/LSL Pipeline

Abstract

P300 spellers offer people with severe motor impairment, such as ALS, an effective communication channel and remain one of the most established surgery-free alternatives to intracortical interfaces. Advanced language models have made spellers faster and more robust, yet the hardware beneath them is under-studied. We present a hardware-agnostic, real-time P300 acquisition pipeline built on BrainFlow and Lab Streaming Layer (LSL) that runs unchanged across consumer- and research-grade EEG headsets, with permutation tests of signal separability. Using a standard 6 x 6 row/column paradigm, we piloted five configurations: a custom dry system, a custom wet/gel system, Emotiv Flex, Emotiv EPOC X, and Muse 2. The custom systems and EPOC X showed weak or inconsistent signal separability, Muse 2 had the highest acquisition reliability despite limited centro-parietal coverage, and Flex showed the most promising signal. In 20 further Flex sessions varying subject, timing, and phrase length (131 target characters), a peak-amplitude permutation test and a cross-validated xDAWN decoder both detected a significant target response under two channel-exclusion policies, with decoder AUC reaching about 0.72 after 15 repetitions. Character accuracy depended heavily on evaluation methodology: in-sample majority voting reached 94.7%, whereas character-held-out accuracy was 31.3% with evidence accumulated across repetitions, about three times that of held-out majority voting. These analyses indicate that Flex captured a detectable, if still weak, P300 under the studied conditions, while broader participant-level validation and improved decoding remain necessary.