Jul 2026· International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research· Vol 17, pp. 1-25· 0 citations
Abstract
Modern power systems face new challenges in maintaining stability and real-time balance with the large-scale integration of intermittent renewable energy. To address the persistent issue of insufficient participation in demand-side management, this study proposes a three-tier Stackelberg game coordination framework for Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) and Price-Based Demand Response (PBDR). To efficiently solve the high-dimensional nested multilevel optimization problem, a Hierarchical Nested Particle Swarm Optimization (HN-PSO) algorithm is developed. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of the global equilibrium in the proposed game model. A 24-hour simulation further shows that the VPP can mitigate price volatility while balancing internal dispatchable generation and external procurement. Therefore, the proposed approach can provide an efficient and practical computational method for decentralized market dispatch under renewable energy uncertainty.
With the global low-carbon transition and increasing wind and photovoltaic penetration, virtual power plant (VPP) scheduling increasingly requires coordinated low-carbon operation, resource management, and long-term stability. Existing studies often treat demand response (DR) resources as passive adjustable capacity, b...
High penetration of renewable energy imposes greater demands on the scheduling flexibility of demand-side resources in virtual power plant (VPP) dispatch. Nevertheless, heterogeneous resources exhibit remarkable differences in response reliability, and electric vehicles (EVs) in particular show distinct execution perfo...
Yu-Kun Jin, Xiao-Peng Li, Si-Yuan Cai et al.· World Electric Vehicle Journ...· 0 citations
Renewable-energy fluctuations and the conflicting economic objectives of independent stakeholders pose simultaneous physical and market challenges to the operation of flexible integrated energy systems (FIESs). To address these issues, this paper develops a market–physical coupled Stackelberg game-based coordinated ope...
Hai-Rui Hu, Peng Wen, Zhong Wang et al.· Sustainability· 0 citations
Recently, transmission congestion remains a critical challenge in power systems, especially in deregulated markets. While Generation Rescheduling (GR) is the conventional approach for Congestion Management (CM), integrating Demand Response (DR) and Distributed Generation (DG) has also proven to offer system operational...
Van-Tuan Duong, L. Duong· IEEE Access· 0 citations
With the rapid penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy generation in distribution networks, the coordinated scheduling of flexible EV loads and uncertain renewable resources has become a critical research focus in modern power systems. This study investigates the collaborative optimal dispatch of th...
Yi Chen, Renwu Yan, Cen Liang et al.· Energies· 1 citation· ⚡1
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