Research on an urban and rural integrated water supply safety risk management framework coupling analytic hierarchy process–entropy weighting method with hazard analysis and critical control points in China

Abstract

Integrated AHP-EWM and HACCP framework for URIWS safety management, combining macro-level risk assessment, treatment process control, and water quality validation. In China, Urban and Rural Integrated Water Supply (URIWS) systems are confronted with challenges arising from diverse water sources, expanded service coverage, and complex management arrangements. This study develops and validates an integrated safety risk management framework that combines macro level risk assessment with micro level process control. The combined Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)–Entropy Weighting Method (EWM) indicates that water source risk (0.365) and treatment risk (0.256) constitute the primary safety risks within the system. Meanwhile, relatively high weights are associated with the compliance rate of raw water quality, water supply reliability, facility operational integrity, and emergency management capacity. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is applied to micro level process control at plant A. The results indicate that the effluent turbidity of the high efficiency sedimentation tank is reduced to within the range of 0.98–1.25 NTU, while the aluminum concentration in finished water is stably controlled at 0.06–0.08 mg/L. In addition, the residual chlorine concentration reaches 0.49–0.64 mg/L, corresponding to critical limit rates of 75, 100, and 85%, respectively. This model effectively bridges risk identification and control, offering a systematic approach for water safety management.