Collaborative AI experimentation in industry-academia requires environments that support rapid trials while maintaining controlled access, organisational isolation, and traceable workflows. Although interest in AI sandboxes is increasing, practical guidance on designing and building governance-aware experimentation platforms remains limited. This work designs and operationalizes a governance-aware, multi-tenant AI sandbox that supports structured experimentation and produces reusable evaluation evidence across stakeholders. The sandbox was developed in an industry-academia ecosystem using iteratively validated requirements gathered from industrial partners. The solution adopts a layered reference architecture that separates a multi-tenant presentation layer from a backend control plane and isolates execution and data management concerns into dedicated layers. The sandbox supports governed onboarding, project-based collaboration, controlled access to AI services, and traceable experimentation through approval workflows and audit logging. By structuring experiment context and governance decisions as persistent records, the sandbox enables evaluation evidence to be reused and compared across projects and stakeholders. The development experience yields lessons learned and practical considerations that inform deployment and future evolution of governance-aware sandbox platforms.
Muhammad Waseem, M. Islam, Md Nasir Uddin Shuvo et al.· arXiv.org· 0 citations
Collaborative AI experimentation across industry and academia requires platforms that enable rapid prototyping while preserving controlled access, tenant separation, and transparent workflows. Despite growing interest in AI sandboxes, there is still limited practical guidance on how to design and implement platforms that integrate experimentation capabilities with governance requirements. This work presents the design and implementation of a governance-aware, multi-tenant AI sandbox for structured experimentation and the generation of reusable evaluation evidence across projects and stakeholder groups. The sandbox was developed within an industry-academia collaboration based on requirements that were iteratively refined with industrial partners. Its reference architecture separates the multi-tenant user interface from the backend control plane and places execution and data-management functions in dedicated layers. The platform supports governed user onboarding, project-centered collaboration, managed access to AI services, approval workflows, audit logging, and traceable experimentation. Experiment configurations, contextual information, and governance decisions are stored as persistent records, allowing evidence and outcomes to be compared and reused across projects. The development process provides practical lessons for deploying and extending governance-aware AI sandbox platforms in collaborative research and industrial environments.
Muhammad Waseem, M. Islam, Md Nasir Uddin Shuvo et al.· 0 citations
We present a large language models (LLMs) based multi-agent system to automate the refactoring of Haskell codebases. The multi-agent system consists of specialized agents performing tasks such as context analysis, refactoring, validation, and testing. Refactoring improvements are using metrics such as cyclomatic complexity, run-time, and memory allocation. Experimental evaluations conducted on Haskell codebases demonstrate improvements in code quality. Cyclomatic complexity was reduced by 13.64% and 47.06% in the respective codebases. Memory allocation improved by 4.17% and 41.73%, while runtime efficiency increased by up to 50%. These metrics highlight the systems ability to optimize Haskells functional paradigms while maintaining correctness and scalability. Results show reductions in complexity and performance enhancements across codebases. The integration of LLMs based multi-agent system enables precise task execution and inter-agent collaboration, addressing the challenges of refactoring in functional programming. This approach aims to address the challenges of refactoring functional programming languages through distributed and modular systems.
Shahbaz Siddeeq, Z. Rasheed, Malik Abdul Sami et al.· arXiv.org· 1 citation
The recent advancements of Small Language Models (SLMs) have opened new possibilities for efficient code generation. SLMs offer lightweight and cost-effective alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), making them attractive for use in resource-constrained environments. However, empirical understanding of SLMs, particularly their capabilities, limitations, and performance trade-offs in code generation remains limited. This study presents a comprehensive empirical evaluation of 20 open-source SLMs ranging from 0.4B to 10B parameters on five diverse code-related benchmarks (HumanEval, MBPP, Mercury, HumanEvalPack, and CodeXGLUE). The models are assessed along three dimensions: i) functional correctness of generated code, ii) computational efficiency and iii) performance across multiple programming languages. The findings of this study reveal that several compact SLMs achieve competitive results while maintaining a balance between performance and efficiency, making them viable for deployment in resource-constrained environments. However, achieving further improvements in accuracy requires switching to larger models. These models generally outperform their smaller counterparts, but they require much more computational power. We observe that for 10% performance improvements, models can require nearly a 4x increase in VRAM consumption, highlighting a trade-off between effectiveness and scalability. Besides, the multilingual performance analysis reveals that SLMs tend to perform better in languages such as Python, Java, and PHP, while exhibiting relatively weaker performance in Go, C++, and Ruby. However, statistical analysis suggests these differences are not significant, indicating a generalizability of SLMs across programming languages. Based on the findings, this work provides insights into the design and selection of SLMs for real-world code generation tasks.
Mahade Hasan, Muhammad Waseem, Kai-Kristian Kemell et al.· Journal of Systems and Softw...· 16 citations
Code-generating tools are increasingly used in software development, yet experience reports on conversational"vibe coding"under production constraints remain limited. This paper presents an experience report from a small full-stack team that applied contextual prompting and explicit architectural constraints to build (i) a multi-project agent learning platform designed for sustained, production-oriented use and (ii) an academic retrieval-augmented generation system. The agent platform supports multiple isolated projects, each with structured memory and background processing, thereby enforcing project-level isolation. The RAG system provides citation-grounded answers, role-based access control, and evaluation tracking. Across both systems, vibe coding accelerated scaffolding and integration. However, the generated code often under-specified isolation rules and infrastructure constraints when these were not explicitly defined. Consequently, aspects such as multi-tenancy, access control, memory policies, and asynchronous processing required deliberate architectural design and verification. We observe a shift in engineering effort from boilerplate implementation toward constraint specification and enforcement auditing. We also identify recurring architectural"non-delegation zones"where conversational code generation remains insufficient for production reliability.
Md Nasir Uddin Shuvo, M. Islam, Mahade Hasan et al.· arXiv.org· 0 citations
Refactoring is a constant activity in software development and maintenance. Scale and maintain software systems are based on code refactoring. However, this process is still labor intensive, as it requires programmers to analyze the codebases in detail to avoid introducing new defects. In this research, we put forward a large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent system to automate the refactoring process on Haskell code. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of LLM-based agents in performing structured and semantically accurate refactoring on Haskell code. Our proposed multi-agent system based on specialized agents with distinct roles, including code analysis, refactoring execution, verification, and debugging. To test the effectiveness and practical applicability of the multi-agent system, we conducted evaluations using different open-source Haskell codebases. The results of the experiments carried out showed that the proposed LLM-based multi-agent system could average 11.03% decreased complexity in code, an improvement of 22.46% in overall code quality, and increase performance efficiency by an average of 13.27%. Furthermore, memory allocation was optimized by up to 14.57%. These results highlight the ability of LLM-based multi-agent in managing refactoring tasks targeted toward functional programming paradigms. Our findings hint that LLM-based multi-agent systems integration into the refactoring of functional programming languages can enhance maintainability and support automated development workflows.
Shahbaz Siddeeq, Muhammad Waseem, Z. Rasheed et al.· International Conference on...· 4 citations