Author

Martin A. Nowak

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Open access Sep 2026

An exhaustive map of binary memory-two direct reciprocity over symmetric two-player games

Direct reciprocity, a mechanism for evolution of cooperation, rests on a promise of the future: that the cost of cooperation will be returned in subsequent encounters. Whether reciprocity works is often asked as a question about evolutionary stability: can a population of cooperators resist invasion by mutants that def...

Martin A. Nowak · bioRxiv · 0 citations

Preprint Aug 2026

Simple evolution drives direct reciprocity to maximum payoff in social dilemmas

Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for evolution of cooperation based on repeated interactions between the same individuals. Direct reciprocity can help natural selection to favor cooperators over defectors, but whether or not cooperation prevails depends on the details of the evolutionary dynamics. We describe simple p...

Martin A. Nowak · 1 citation · ⚡1