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small language model

3,468 papers

#large language models Open access Sep 2026

The ABC Conjecture Is a Theorem for Polynomials and a Conjecture for Integers: Integers Lack the Derivative ── for polynomials maxdeg never exceeds the number of distinct roots minus 1 (the Mason--Stothers theorem), so the same inequality never fails ── its proof uses that the Wronskian ab'-a'b is divisible by the repeated part of the roots, and integers have no such derivative ── [Paper 641]

For coprime positive integers a+b=c, write rad(abc) for the product of the distinct primes dividing abc, and define the quality q=log c/lograd(abc). The ABC conjecture says that for every epsilon>0 only finitely many triples have q>1+epsilon. The same question can be posed for polynomials, where it is a theorem. This p...

Yuuki Yamagishi · 0 citations
#large language models Open access Sep 2026

Statutory-Domain Asymmetry in LLM Compliance Guardrails: A Cross-Model Study of Hard Refusal Failure and Soft Gating Collapse in Enterprise HR Contexts

We evaluate the resilience of two frontier LLMs—Gemini 3.1 Flash and Claude Sonnet 5—against executive-authority pressure to draft unlawful HR documents across ten U.S. employment-law domains: ADEA, NLRA, ADA, Title VII, FLSA, FMLA, OSHA §11(c), ERISA §510, SOX §806, and PWFA/PDA. Each scenario-model pairing in the ori...

Prachi Sharma · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

The development of expectations and value beliefs among international students in Germany over the study course: Effects of sociodemographic characteristics, subject groups and their intersectional interplay

A differentiated understanding of the motivational trajectories of international students in Germany is crucial to support their study success. Drawing on the Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT), we investigated the development of international students’ expectations and value beliefs over the study course. We also...

Judith Sarah Preuß, Julia Zimmermann, K. Jonkmann · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

Translating scores into meaning: a co-produced forum for patient-reported outcome measure interpretation in pediatric congenital heart disease

A PROM-anchored participatory forum can make interim outcome data usable before the end of data collection and translate them into shared interpretation, action planning, and family-friendly dissemination, and forum-based formats appear to provide a solid foundation for the collaborative interpretation of data from pat...

Jana Willems, Anna Eyrich, Jens Terjung et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Book Open access Oct 2026

The Choose-Your-Own-Adventure Calculus

The paper shows that programming language theory can be used to study not just languages, but also rich interactive programming systems, and argues that such systems deserve at least as much attention as languages.

T. Petříček, J. Verter, Mikolas Fromm · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

Cloud-Based and Locally Deployed Language Models in Nursing and Health Care: An AI Act–Aligned Framework

Regulatory-aligned LLM integration in pilot university hospitals can enhance health care education and decision-making across standardized taxonomy, evidence-based personalized clinical care algorithms, computational tasks, and nondiscrimination policies, under structured interdisciplinary expert oversight.

Elena Sblendorio, Vincenzo Dentamaro, M. De Maria et al. · 0 citations
#computer vision Preprint Sep 2026

Simultaneous Translation between Sign Languages

This work presents, to their knowledge, the first simultaneous sign-to-sign (S2S) translation system, with two wait-k regimes: test-time wait-k inference applied directly to a full-sentence model, and a trained wait-k model via stochastic multi-path supervision.

Ze-Tian Wu, Bo-Wen Xie, Stefan Lee et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

Rewarding Novel Deductions: Solver-guided Process Rewards for Logical Reasoning

S PRING uses SMT solver as a training-time verifier of intermediate reasoning steps to provide process-level supervision and introduces the notion of a novel reasoning step, namely, a step that is logically valid, consistent with the evolving reasoning state, and not already implied by previously accepted non-contradic...

Muhammad Asif Ali, Wen-Qing Wang, Huan Wang et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Beyond Reconstruction Loss in Post-Training Quantization: Balanced Fitting for Large Vision-Language Models

Experiments on multiple LVLMs show that the Balanced Fitting method consistently outperforms prior PTQ approaches under both weight-only and weight-activation quantization, while lower reconstruction loss does not reliably translate into better downstream performance.

Min-Chan Kang, Kyeonghye Park, Seungyeon Sa et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Pre-registered tests of solid-state-physics-inspired LLM compression: a cluster-level negative result at small-language-model scale

The results invert the pre-registered prediction that most attention heads behave like Kohn-nearsighted insulators, pointing instead to critical, glassy or heavy-tailed regimes; the inversion is specific to the<= 350M scale tested, while the rank-face no-gain result held to 7-8B.

Jun-Qi Lu · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Byzantine-Robust Federated RAG via Aligned Calibration and Fixed-Membership Conformal Prediction

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) lets language models answer questions more accurately by consulting relevant documents. Many valuable collections, such as medical records, cannot be pooled because of privacy rules. Federated RAG leaves each collection with its owner, or node, which scores candidate answers from it...

Prasanjit Dubey, Xiao-Ming Huo · 0 citations

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