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small language model

3,445 papers

#small language model Preprint Oct 2026

AutoSynth: Learning to Generate Editable Synthesizer Programs from Audio and Text

AutoSynth, which represents MIDI performance events, fixed synthesizer parameters, and variable-length modulation routes as a unified sequence for a synthesizer, and learns their dependencies with an audio-conditioned autoregressive model, is presented.

Tristan Wu, Daniel Chin, Li-Wei Lin et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Review Open access Oct 2026

Artificial Intelligence in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics and Lipidomics for Drug Discovery and Development.

Artificial intelligence applied to mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and lipidomics has advanced through three technological generations: chemometric and classical machine learning, deep learning, and self-supervised foundation models, with large language models so far entering mainly at the edges. The metabolome an...

Young Cheol Yoon, Seoyeon Choi, C. Jung et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Specialized Decision Models vs. General-Purpose LLMs: Benchmarking Jev Across Knowledge, Reasoning, and Multilingual Tasks

Jev is a"System One"model that returns a choice among given options instead of generating text. We study how such a specialized decision model compares with general-purpose large language models (LLMs). We evaluate Jev on 13 multiple-choice benchmarks covering knowledge, reasoning, and multilingual understanding, and c...

Xing Li, Qing-Cheng Chang, Jin-Zhong Ning et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Easy to anticipate, hard to compute: boundary dependence finds the computed outputs that entropy patching misses

Byte-level language models such as the Byte Latent Transformer (BLT) group bytes into patches and run their large global model once per patch. BLT starts a patch where a small model's next-byte entropy is high, so global compute goes where the next byte is hard to predict. We show that this rule has a systematic blind...

Nicolás Vera Zúñiga · 2 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Local Prototype Reconstruction for Text-Compatible Speech-to-LLM Bridge Pretraining

Speech-to-LLM systems often connect a frozen speech encoder to a frozen large language model (LLM) through a small trainable bridge. The bridge is usually treated as plumbing, but it in fact defines the geometry of the speech-to-LLM interface, and the pretraining objective decides whether that interface provides a reus...

Xin-Nian Zhao, Chia-Hua Wu, Pu Wang et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Sparse Attention Is Matrix Approximation, Not Choosing from a Bag of Values

It is argued that sparse attention should be formulated as matrix approximation, not as blindly choosing the largest values from a bag of entries, and proposed Matrix Approximation Sparse Attention (MASA), which replaces raw attention-mass ranking with a closed-form score that measures how much each sparse unit reduces...

Fang Wan, Xu-Feng Liu, Fan Li et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Could LLM Watermark Detection be Public?

This work quantifies whether a public detector would be an additional liability in a deployment setting at varying levels of access, and introduces a split-key public-private watermarking method that exposes one key through a public detector while keeping the other for full verification and forensics.

Georgios Milis, Tom Sander, Tomás Soucek et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Why On-Policy Distillation Sometimes Fails: Vanishing Learning Signals

A local recovery guarantee for teachers sufficiently close to the initial student in a shared parameterization under regularity conditions is proved, offering a conditional explanation for the success of self-RL teachers in the authors' experiments.

Lei Zhao, Qi-Chao Zhao, Bo-Wen Zuo et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Spectrally Targeted Muon

The Muon optimizer orthogonalizes each update matrix, setting all of its singular values to one, and has proven highly effective for training large language models. It remains unclear, however, whether this success comes from amplifying small singular directions that gradient descent neglects or from suppressing large,...

Vishrut Goyal, Rohan Ramkumar · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

KDFP: A first-principles approach to knowledge distillation in large language models

Knowledge distillation is an established technique for improving the capabilities of small, efficient student models by training them with the representations of larger, more capable teacher models. Much of the recent work in the distillation of large language models (LLMs) has focused on distilling abilities learned d...

Ryan Swift, Konstantinos Psounis · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

From Surface to Depth: Towards Cognitive Appraisal Reasoning in Multimodal Emotion Understanding

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) increasingly incorporate explainable reasoning for emotion understanding. However, reasoning based mainly on observable affective cues can reduce emotion understanding to superficial cue-label associations, giving rise to the Clever Hans effect. Such shortcuts become unre...

Jia Li, Yi-Chao He, Yang-Chen Yu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

GRPODropout: Less is More for Online Reinforcement Learning Rollouts

Reinforcement learning (RL) methods such as GRPO substantially improve large language model reasoning but often suffer from policy entropy collapse: the loss of sampling diversity weakens exploration and limits further improvement. Existing methods address this issue either through algorithm-level interventions, such a...

Hexuan Deng, Zi-Hao Yan, Xue-Bo Liu et al. · 0 citations

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