small language model

Developing a Word Square Student Worksheet on Animal Classification to Foster the Conceptual Understanding of Grade X Students

Biology instruction on animal classification at SMA Negeri 7 Bengkulu Utara remained dominated by lecture and note-taking, with worksheets consisting of conventional exercises that gave students little opportunity for active engagement. Observation of 32 grade X students found that around 78% were passive during lessons, 72% reported difficulty understanding animal classification, and the mean daily test score reached only 6.8 against a minimum criterion of 7.5. This study aimed to produce a Word Square Student Worksheet (LKS) on animal classification that is valid and practical for fostering the conceptual understanding of grade X students. The research used a research and development design following the 4D model of define, design, develop, and disseminate, limited in practice to the develop stage. Data were collected in May–June 2026 through content-, media-, and language-expert validation sheets and teacher and student response questionnaires, and were analysed descriptively as percentages. Twelve students took part in the small-group trial and thirty-four in the limited-group trial. Validation reached 67.69% from the content expert, 74.29% from the media expert, and 94.64% from the language expert, with an overall mean of 78.87% in the valid category. Practicality reached 95.3% from teacher responses and 90% from student responses, both highly practical. The worksheet is therefore suitable as an alternative teaching material in Biology, since it creates active and enjoyable learning, helps students recall scientific terms, and fosters conceptual understanding of animal classification.

Cognitive and Neural Preservation in Older Language Learners: The CNPOLL Framework

Hanna Pitkin's Wittgenstein

Hannah Pitkin’s Wittgenstein and Justice stimulated new approaches within social science. She did this not so much by offering a normative political reading of his philosophy, as some critics charge, but by drawing out the capacity for critique in his self-described ‘new style of thinking’. It is this critical style that drew the ‘small d’ democratic theorist Pitkin to Wittgenstein, rather than any normative conclusions about how things really are (e.g., always in flux) or how language really works (e.g., as a tool), as it may initially appear. Although she certainly extracted possibilities for social change out of Wittgenstein’s philosophy, Pitkin oriented herself toward the form of critical thinking that his writings modeled. In so doing, she brought Wittgenstein into the extant critical debate about positivism in social science and opened new possibilities for democratic political theory.

Content-Addressed Recursive State: Resolving the DenseRetrieval Trade-o with a Cubic-Composition Readout

Recurrent architectures that compress history into a single state are cheap but have classically been unable to exactly retrieve far past key–value bindings, whereas attention content-addresses the whole past at quadratic cost. We show that the conflict between dense language modeling and long-range associative recall need not be a binding trade-off. We couple a nonlinear aggregated-state backbone (AGG, an input-gated forget–write recurrence computed by a parallel scan) with a content-addressed readout (SEL, a small polynomial-composition kernel that scores each query against a bounded window of past states and retrieves their values). At a fixed compute budget on WikiText (GPT-2 vocabulary, V=50257), the combined architecture is the first recurrent model we have tested to simultaneously exceed an equal-size transformer on both axes: it cuts dense perplexity from 183.6 to 127.8 (mean over 3 seeds), and on a real-vocabulary associative-recall probe it reaches 1.000 far-distance (d=7) top-1 recall across three seeds — a level no linear state-space model we compared reached — and this near-perfect recall is retained as the number of key–value pairs scales to m=32 (d=31 recall 1.000) and as the probe is moved from synthetic memorization to real-text long-range retrieval, where the model recovers a hidden bond at 93–100% for contexts up to 8K tokens. Two stability mechanisms — a full-sequence window and a floor on the readout gate — turn an occasional boundary collapse into reliable convergence. The content-addressed readout adds only a narrow, windowed kernel with a handful of parameters, and a controlled removal isolates its role. We argue the resulting architecture is a distinct sequence-modeling primitive: it retains the exact retrieval, compact state, and linear-time cost of its two parents.

Epistemic Inventory and Taxonomy of Claims

Here we present four companion documents for the program corpus listed below. The Taxonomy of Claims lists the theory's claims and assigns each one a status. The claims are grouped in four tiers: Framework (the laws and constants, which the theory does not derive), Derived from Framework (quantities computed from the framework, not independent inputs – including the per-edge failure probability p = ln 2/(2π²) and its spin-foam status, the bare-edge rule, and the tensor consistency relation n_t = n_s − 1), Pre-history (derived properties that are the same in any realization), and History (properties specific to our universe). A set of notes covers the counting conventions, the ensemble rule, the correspondence ledger, the anchor question and its resolution, several associations recorded without claim status, and a closing statement of the one assumption the theory requires. The Epistemic Inventory (What the Theory Claims to Know) contains the same material organized by question. Some fifty questions – why the cosmological constant is small, why w = −1, where the spectral tilt comes from, whether there are primordial gravitational waves, what preceded the first moment, why these constants – are each given the theory's answer in plain language and a status: derived, identified, dissolved, partial, or not claimed. The final section lists the questions the theory does not claim to answer. The Universe from a Single Strike is a lay description of the Ignition, provided as an onramp to the framework's technical papers. Two revision notes carry the tensor sector's audit trail, retained side by side. Correcting Errors in the Tensor-to-Scalar Ratio Calculation is the first revision, kept as the record it is: the ensemble correction, the bare-edge rule, and the revision of the physical ratio to 0.0301 ± 0.001. Deriving the Assertions in the Tensor-to-Scalar Ratio Calculation (new in this version, and controlling where the two disagree) is the consolidated revision, closing by computation the two commitments the first note left standing in its own words: the deposit-support rule, previously ratified, is derived as exact geometry (the 60° ring partition a theorem of the subdivision, the wedge-share inheritance rule derived), and the inter-move correlations, previously asserted shapeless, are enumerated (own-shell cross terms vanish identically; the boundary–existence channel is a constant renormalization adding no shape). The amplitude moves and no relation does: a standard flat-template B-mode analysis will report r = 0.0297 ± 0.0005, about 7% under the current combined limit r < 0.032; the underlying physical ratio, the same at every scale, is 0.0281 ± 0.0005, with the revision history owned on the record (0.0339 → 0.0301 → 0.0281). The tensor tilt is unchanged at the exact consistency relation n_t = n_s − 1 = −0.03512, now ten times redder than single-field inflation's at equal r; the α_s withdrawal stands. The new note answers the first note's frozen claims row by row in a ledger appendix, withdraws that note's promise of numerical finality as a category error, carries the complete derivations in its appendices, reproducible from the public replication package, and is registered before the next B-mode data release. The taxonomy and inventory are updated to match, including the upgraded statuses the note drives. This version registers three additions driven by the tensor tranche of the modeling package (10.5281/zenodo.22217227) and by the one-loop sector: the two-entry sourcing dictionary behind r – missing volume sources the scalar per cell, hinge-deficit shear sources the tensor per hinge, joined at the single-failure channel as a named premise – with the exact S³ mode-count law (2/5)(1 − 4/n²); and the marginal-normalization premise behind A_s, superseding the one-loop paper's "standard sectors net to unity" (the tensor-sector determinant is now computed, 0.762, and the vector and ghost sectors cancel exactly). Registered values are unchanged; the exact-support window factor 0.9539 is carried in the modeling package pending consolidation. The falsification conditions for the corpus are collected separately in the predictions letter (revised in step with this version) and are not repeated in these documents. All documents will be maintained: new versions will record changes in the status of claims, including withdrawals. The Program Corpus The Last Evaporation: Planck Remnants as Cosmological Seeds in Empty Spacetime - 10.5281/zenodo.19324262 Cosmological Structure Without Inflation: The Perturbation Spectrum from Pre-Geometric Construction - 10.5281/zenodo.19513896 One-Loop Identities on the S4 Instanton - 10.5281/zenodo.20045607 The Ignition Transition: From the No-Boundary Saddle to Radiation Domination - 10.5281/zenodo.20559451 The Ignition Inventory: Defect Energy and Static Topology - 10.5281/zenodo.20559916 Cosmology from a Three-Bit Seed: The Predictions and Their Falsification Gates - 10.5281/zenodo.21270529 Epistemic Inventory and Taxonomy of Claims - 10.5281/zenodo.21324530 Tractable Modeling: The Truncated Tessellation - 10.5281/zenodo.22217227

Knowledge and utilization of family planning and safe abortion services among married women of reproductive age in the Raute community of Nepal: A census-based cross-sectional study

Abstract Indigenous and nomadic communities worldwide face disproportionate and persistent barriers to reproductive health services, including family planning and safe abortion. The Raute of Nepal — one of the country’s last nomadic hunter-gatherer groups represent a uniquely marginalized population for whom no prior population-level quantitative reproductive health data exist. This gap prevents health authorities and program implementers from designing evidence-based, culturally appropriate interventions for this community. This census-based cross-sectional study enrolled all 192 eligible married women of reproductive age in the Raute community of Parshuram Municipality, Dadeldhura district, Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal. Data were collected through structured, pre-tested, face-to-face interviews, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression in IBM SPSS version 16. More than half of participants (53.6%) currently used family planning, with injectable contraceptives being the most common method (42.7%), followed by female sterilization (33.0%) and implants (24.3%). Condom use was negligible at 1.0%. Among non-users (46.4%), 97.7% cited lack of interest as the primary reason for non-use. Knowledge of safe abortion services was reported by 61.5% of women, yet only 8.3% had ever accessed such services, and awareness of Nepal’s national safe abortion policy, which has been in effect since 2002 was critically low at 10.4%. In bivariate analysis, no socio-demographic or socioeconomic variable was significantly associated with family planning use. The sole significant independent predictor of current family planning utilization in the adjusted logistic regression model was non-utilization of safe abortion services (adjusted odds ratio = 4.275; 95% confidence interval: 1.145–15.954; p = 0.030), suggesting that contraceptive use and abortion service use represent alternative reproductive management strategies in this community. Younger age (≤30 years) and urban residence were significantly associated with safe abortion use in bivariate analysis but were attenuated after adjustment, reflecting limited statistical power arising from the small number of outcome events (n = 16). These findings reveal critical gaps in reproductive method diversity, safe abortion policy literacy, and male partner engagement. Community-based mobile outreach tailored to nomadic movement patterns, targeted legal literacy programs in the local language, and structured male involvement strategies are urgently required to improve reproductive health equity in this vulnerable indigenous population.

Multi-Access Speculative Inference: Uplink or Downlink?

A sum-token-goodput maximization problem that jointly accounts for mode selection, draft-length control, and power allocation is formulated, and a simple optimal structure is revealed that enables efficient search over the number of UL devices, with the corresponding transmit powers optimized accordingly.

HSMLog: Small Language Model-Assisted Hardware Security Module Log Anomaly Detection with Behavioral Analysis

HSMLog, a two-stage framework for HSM log anomaly detection with retrieval-grounded behavioral analysis, is presented, demonstrating effective anomaly alerting and incident triage in the studied setting.

Test-time Reinforcement Learning in Imperfect Information Games

This work extends the concept of gadget game, tabular technique for test-time search, to the reinforcement learning setting and formally proves that, unlike prior tabular algorithms, regularized policy-gradient algorithms limit possible strategy degradation caused by test-time reasoning, even without the gadget games.

VisLens: Single-Pass Interpretable Visual Search for Multimodal LLMs

VisLens (Visual Focus via Logit Lens), a Visual Search method built on the logit lens, which decodes the semantics held in a hidden state by projecting it through the LLM head, and which matches or exceeds prior baselines while delivering a substantial latency advantage.

Evaluation of a cornea-specialized large language model for diagnostic and management accuracy in complex corneal cases

Diagnostic accuracy of parent reports for speech-language disorders in young children: a meta-analysis