Jul 2026· Clinical and Translational Oncology· 0 citations· 44 references
Medicine
TL;DR
A comprehensive overview of emerging and targeted therapeutic strategies in colorectal cancer, with emphasis on their molecular basis and clinical relevance, highlights a shift toward precision oncology for improved management of colorectal cancer.
Among the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, breast
cancer presents fundamental challenges, such as tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. The
tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising stromal components, signaling molecules, immune
cells, and the extracellular matrix, has demonstrated a pivotal role in tumor progression, invasion, and
therapeutic response. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the state-of-the-art and novel
therapeutic strategies developed to reprogram the TME in breast cancer. From clinically established
treatments, such as endocrine therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and HER2-targeted therapy, to
emerging agents, such as siRNA-mediated gene silencing, nanomedicine, and immunotherapy, each
class of therapeutic strategy, along with the corresponding clinical and preclinical outcomes, is detailed
by category. The evidence for and impact of TME heterogeneity and differences in molecular
subtypes on therapeutic efficiency are highlighted, and biomarker-guided patient stratification is further
emphasized to support precision therapy. Mechanistic challenges, such as immunosuppression,
ECM remodeling, and hypoxia-associated resistance, were analyzed, and mechanistic conflicts or
synergistic interactions between strategies were identified. Tumor microbiome modification and AIdriven
discovery of novel biomarkers are presented as emerging perspectives in TME-targeting therapy.
Despite significant advances, translation barriers, such as the lack of predictive biomarkers and
the divergence in therapeutic outcomes between patients and animal models, are critically reviewed
and discussed. The integration of TME-targeted and individualized therapeutic strategies may offer
promising prospects toward achieving durable clinical outcomes in breast cancer treatment.
P. Shankar, Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy, Apsara Unni et al.· Current Cancer Therapy Revie...· 0 citations
This review summarizes the current knowledge on breast cancer, including its epidemiology, anatomy and biology, etiological factors, molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and clinically relevant biomarkers, while highlighting recent advances in antibody-drug conjugates, PARP inhibitors, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, artificial intelligence, and precision medicine.
Subham Kumar Singh, Aditya Rai· GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUT...· 0 citations
Key oncogenic signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, were discussed in the context of therapeutic targeting and precision medicine and emerging strategies, particularly immunotherapy and combination approaches were addressed.
Xinyu Li, Jie Liu, Fang-Fang Huang et al.· Oncology Letters· 0 citations
Recent advances ranging from aberrant genetic and epigenetic alterations; dysregulation of oncogenic signaling pathways; sophisticated crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment; intricate microbiota-inflammation interactions; fundamental discoveries to potential clinical translation; and emerging therapeutic strategies for GC are summarized.
Xiya Cheng, Yunshu Ma, Jinglu Yan et al.· Oncology Research· 0 citations
Cancer remains a major global health challenge, causing nearly 10 million deaths annually. Advances in biomedical science have expanded treatment beyond conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy to include targeted molecular agents, immunotherapies, and novel modalities. This review summarises cancer therapeutics across four domains: conventional, targeted, immunological, and emerging approaches. We examine the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, limitations, and innovations, outlining the evolution of oncological care and the integration of opportunities. Conventional modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are discussed for their cytotoxic mechanisms and role in localised disease. Targeted therapies, including kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, are evaluated for molecular specificity and resistance. Immunological strategies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy, are evaluated for their transformative impact. Emerging treatments, including oncolytic viruses, gene editing, and nanotechnology-based systems, are appraised for innovation and translational potential. While traditional methods retain relevance, combining them with precision medicine and immunological advances has yielded unprecedented efficacy in certain cancers. The future lies in personalised, synergistic regimens across these domains, supported by sustained interdisciplinary research and clinical validation.
Vaibhav S. Gite, Rupali N. Nikam, Mukund Pache et al.· Asian Journal of Pharmaceuti...· 0 citations
Gastric cancer (GC) continues to be a significant global contributor to cancer-related mortality, primarily due to late-stage diagnoses, tumor heterogeneity, and the frequent emergence of therapeutic resistance. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy, long-term survival rates remain unsatisfactory, underscoring the need for innovative, molecularly driven approaches. SiRNA has emerged as a promising gene-silencing tool capable of selectively downregulating oncogenic drivers and pathways associated with resistance via RNA interference. Preclinical studies using GC models demonstrate promising biological activity following siRNA-mediated suppression of various molecular targets - including CD44v6, Rac1, and ZNRD1-leading to reduced cell proliferation, inhibited migration and invasion, enhanced apoptosis, and increased chemosensitivity. However, the successful translation of siRNA-based strategies into clinical practice is fundamentally reliant on the development of efficient and safe delivery systems. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the development of multifunctional nanocarriers, including lipid-based nanoparticles, peptide-based systems, chitosanderived platforms, exosome-mimetic vesicles, layer-by-layer architectures, and stimuli-responsive theranostic nanoparticles. These engineered platforms are designed to enhance siRNA stability, improve tumor targeting, facilitate intracellular trafficking, and promote endosomal escape while minimizing off-target effects and immune activation. Preclinical findings suggest significant biological potential; however, additional research is required to address issues concerning biodistribution, safety, scalability, and regulatory standardization before clinical application. Overall, siRNA-based strategies may play a crucial role in the future development of precision-oriented therapeutic frameworks in GC research. Importantly, this review emphasizes the integration of molecular target selection with delivery system design in a GC-specific context. By systematically linking validated siRNA targets with corresponding nanocarrier strategies, this work provides a more application-oriented and translationally relevant perspective that is not typically addressed in conventional RNA interference or nanocarrier-focused reviews.
Gheysar Seifollahnezhad, B. Erdağ· Experimental oncology· 0 citations
