Key oncogenic signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, were discussed in the context of therapeutic targeting and precision medicine and emerging strategies, particularly immunotherapy and combination approaches were addressed.
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies worldwide. Although numerous patients are diagnosed at an early stage with favorable outcomes, advanced and metastatic disease remains associated with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Advances in molecular characterization have reshaped the understanding of EC pathogenesis and enabled the development of classification-driven treatment strategies. The present review summarized current standard therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and highlighted the growing role of molecularly targeted treatments. The integration of pathogenetic, histopathological and molecular classifications provides a framework for identifying actionable alterations. Key oncogenic signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, were discussed in the context of therapeutic targeting and precision medicine. In addition, emerging strategies, particularly immunotherapy and combination approaches, were addressed. A deeper understanding of molecular heterogeneity may facilitate individualized treatment selection and improve clinical outcomes in patients with EC.
This review underscores the transformative potential of molecular profiling and FGFR-targeted therapies in the evolving management of bladder cancer, with special attention given to the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway.
Nandita Yadav, Nihar Ranjan Sarmah, Ketan J. Purohit et al.· Current Pharmacogenomics and...· 0 citations
A comprehensive overview of emerging and targeted therapeutic strategies in colorectal cancer, with emphasis on their molecular basis and clinical relevance, highlights a shift toward precision oncology for improved management of colorectal cancer.
Debgopal Ganguly, Ananta Choudhury, Himangshu Deka et al.· Clinical and Translational O...· 0 citations
ABSTRACT
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a prevalent and highly aggressive malignancy with an increasing global burden that is associated with significant mortality. The principal histological subtypes of EC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), exhibit distinct etiological factors and genomic landscapes. This review systematically categorizes and synthesizes findings from key EC clinical trials conducted over the past five years. Specifically, we integrate the current understanding of molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapeutic approaches, the tumor immune microenvironment, and emerging treatment strategies. Immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough in the management of EC; however, the progress in the development of targeted therapies has been notably slower. To address this gap, promising future directions in targeted therapy may include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors, agents targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and epigenetic modulators. Despite these significant therapeutic advances, EC remains a highly lethal disease, which underlines the critical and ongoing need to identify novel therapeutic vulnerabilities and explore innovative combination treatment regimens.
Yingnan Wang, Xiaowen Lian, Yukun Chen et al.· Chinese Medical Journal· 0 citations
This review summarizes the current knowledge on breast cancer, including its epidemiology, anatomy and biology, etiological factors, molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and clinically relevant biomarkers, while highlighting recent advances in antibody-drug conjugates, PARP inhibitors, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, artificial intelligence, and precision medicine.
Subham Kumar Singh, Aditya Rai· GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUT...· 0 citations
The emergence of molecular classifications for gastric cancer (GC), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG), has advanced targeted and immunotherapies, but their clinical translation faces real-world obstacles including high cost, tissue availability, standardization, and intratumoral heterogeneity. The present review critically compares the two classification systems regarding prognostic utility across geographic populations and boundary conflicts, noting that ACRG is more operable in East Asian populations whereas TCGA is better suited for mechanistic exploration. Focusing on acquired resistance as a core bottleneck in precision therapy, mechanisms underlying anti-Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) resistance and primary/secondary resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were systematically dissected, while also addressing immune-related adverse events and pseudo-/hyperprogression. Moreover, non-immune elements of the tumor microenvironment deserve attention: Cancer-associated fibroblasts limit drug penetration and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition through physical barriers and paracrine signaling; metabolic reprogramming (high glycolysis and glutamine addiction) impairs chemotherapy and ICI efficacy via an acidic microenvironment and metabolic competition. Finally, multi-target combination strategies are envisioned based on pathway redundancy, along with liquid biopsy-driven dynamic adaptive therapy and single-cell/spatial multi-omics integration for precise microenvironment intervention. The present review aims to offer a systematic reference for moving GC precision therapy from static subtyping toward dynamic, multi-dimensional integration.