Advances in FGFR Inhibition for Bladder Cancer: A Review of Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Progress

Current status and targeted therapies in endometrial cancer: Molecular classification-driven treatment strategies (Review)

Key oncogenic signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, were discussed in the context of therapeutic targeting and precision medicine and emerging strategies, particularly immunotherapy and combination approaches were addressed.

Molecular pathways and emerging therapeutic strategies in advanced thyroid cancer: from targeted therapy to precision oncology.

Collectively, the advances are an indication of a transition to the personalized, mechanism-driven treatment strategies that would prolong the survivability of patients with advanced thyroid cancer, conquer resistance, and reduce systemic toxicity.

Advances in HER2-Targeted Tumor Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms, Treatment Strategies and Clinical Challenges

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a vital oncotherapeutic target across multiple solid tumors, covering breast, gastric/gastroesophageal junction, non-small cell lung, colorectal, biliary, urothelial, cervical, endometrial, salivary gland, and ovarian cancers, as well as esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clarifying HER2-mediated oncogenic signaling and identifying validated treatment strategies are critical for standardized clinical practice and innovative drug discovery. This review begins with HER2 structural features and downstream oncogenic signaling, then summarizes therapeutic frameworks for HER2-positive cancers, including conventional regimens, single targeted agents, and combination therapies. Three major clinical obstacles—drug resistance, treatment-related toxicities and tumor heterogeneity—are analyzed alongside corresponding solutions, followed by prospects in novel drug development, precision medicine and multidisciplinary cooperation. Current clinical data show that single-agent therapies possess modest antitumor activity; chemo-targeted combinations partially enhance efficacy yet are hindered by resistance and heterogeneity. Further innovations in precision medicine are urgently needed to enable personalized management. This work systematically reviews pan-cancer HER2-related oncogenic mechanisms and the full spectrum of targeted regimens offering mechanistic and clinical references for precision therapy and new drug research of HER2-positive solid tumors.

Beyond conventional therapies: the evolution of targeted agents and immunotherapies in triple-negative breast cancer.

Tumor-specific mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for overcoming immunotherapy resistance in advanced urological tumors.

BACKGROUND Advanced urological tumors, particularly renal cell carcinoma (RCC), urothelial carcinoma (UC), and prostate cancer, remain a major source of cancer morbidity and mortality. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have reshaped the management of advanced disease, most patients experience limited or non-durable clinical benefit due to primary or acquired resistance. AIM of the review. To summarize the major phenotypes and mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in advanced urological tumors, and outline mechanism-based strategies that may restore sensitivity and improve the durability of response. Key scientific concepts of the review. Immunotherapy resistance is the result of the interplay between tumor-intrinsic alterations, the tumor microenvironment (TME), and host-related systemic determinants. Tumor-intrinsic mechanisms include low tumor antigenicity, defects in antigen processing and presentation pathways, and lineage-specific oncogenic programs such as the von Hippel-Lindau-hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF) signaling axis in RCC, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway activation in UC, and androgen receptor (AR)-driven immune suppression in prostate cancer. Microenvironmental resistance is driven by suppressive myeloid and regulatory lymphoid populations, inhibitory cytokine and metabolic circuits, abnormal vasculature, fibrosis, and adaptive upregulation of alternative immune checkpoints. Host factors, including baseline immune competence, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) diversity, and the gut microbiome, further shape treatment efficacy. On this basis, current reversal strategies include multi-checkpoint blockade, rational combinations with targeted agents, chemo-/radio-immunotherapy, TME reprogramming, and microbiome-directed interventions, ideally guided by biomarkers and multi-omics stratification. CONCLUSION Overall, immunotherapy resistance in urological malignancies is a multifactorial and dynamic process involving tumor, microenvironmental, and host determinants. A comprehensive, mechanism-driven approach integrating biomarker-guided strategies and combination therapies is essential to improve clinical outcomes and achieve durable responses.

Emerging and targeted therapeutic strategies in colorectal cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives.

A comprehensive overview of emerging and targeted therapeutic strategies in colorectal cancer, with emphasis on their molecular basis and clinical relevance, highlights a shift toward precision oncology for improved management of colorectal cancer.