Challenges Affecting the Effectiveness of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives in Promoting Environmental Sustainability in Mining Communities: Evidence from North-Western Zambia

Abstract

This study examined the challenges affecting the effectiveness of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives in promoting environmental sustainability within mining-affected communities in Solwezi and Kalumbila districts of North-Western Zambia. Despite substantial CSR investments by mining companies, environmental degradation continues to affect local communities, raising concerns regarding the effectiveness of such initiatives. A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 190 household respondents using structured questionnaires, while qualitative data were obtained through 30 key informant interviews and six focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that CSR initiatives positively and significantly influence environmental sustainability (β = 0.460, p < 0.001), although the model explained only 21.2% of the variation in environmental sustainability outcomes. The study identified seven major challenges affecting CSR effectiveness, namely inadequate community participation, weak monitoring and evaluation systems, insufficient transparency and accountability, short project implementation periods, inadequate funding, weak regulatory enforcement, and unequal distribution of CSR benefits. The study concludes that CSR alone cannot effectively address environmental challenges associated with mining activities and should be complemented by strong governance systems, stakeholder participation, and long-term environmental investments. The study recommends enhanced community engagement, mandatory CSR reporting, stronger environmental regulation, and robust monitoring systems to improve sustainability outcomes in mining regions.