The paper argues that developments and changes in relative-clause formation in Ukrainian since the end of the 18th c. are due to lexical variation between a relative particle, typically ščo ‘that’, with or without a resumptive pronoun, and the relative pronouns jakyj and kotryj ‘which’. This repertory of relativisers is the result of previous syntactic changes, without any further ones in the modern period. The paper provides evidence that there are no grammaticalised constraints attached to them in modern Standard Ukrainian or the dialects. Due to its lexical nature, relativiser selection is subject to substantial diatopic, diachronic and diaphasic variability, as well as to language contact and linguistic standardisation. The paper shows, with reference to contemporary Standard Ukrainian corpus data, that selection preferences may still correlate with extralinguistic and linguistic factors, such as jakyj as the standardised choice and ščo almost exclusively in subject position.
This paper investigates two roughly synonymous constructions, be obliged to V and be required to V, in British English in terms of which infinitival complements are attracted to the respective constructions. Taking the viewpoint of Construction Grammar, that constructions are form-meaning pairings of varying degrees of complexity and schematicity, this paper aims to explore the verb complements preferred by the two examined constructions. Based on the results, the paper also proves that these two constructions, even though nearly synonymous and used in the formal context, still exhibit slight differences. The research was conducted on the online British National Corpus applying one of the quantitative methods within collostructional analysis, the distinctive collexeme analysis, developed by Gries and Stefanowitsch in 2003. Qualitatively examined results revealed that verbs that can fill the open slot in both constructions have some common features, such as dynamic aspect and high transitivity, but also certain peculiarities. Be obliged to shows a tendency to co-occur with communication verbs and to encode verbal or interpersonal actions, whereas be required to predominantly attracts formally marked verbs associated with institutionalized and result-oriented activities, particularly in legal, administrative, and medical contexts.
This article returns to the much-debated notion of equivalence and examines it through one
specific language pair, French and Turkish. The argument is straightforward enough to state but
harder to honour in practice: equivalence cannot be reduced to the hunt for matching words. It is
closer to a series of judgements, made more or less consciously, in which sense, style, grammar, the
organisation of the text, and cultural reference all press their claims at the same time. The discussion
begins with the familiar theoretical landmarks—Jakobson, Nida, Catford, Vinay and Darbelnet,
Newmark, Baker, Koller, Berman—but treats them as a connected argument rather than a checklist.
It then proposes five parameters along which French–Turkish difficulties tend to cluster: semanticsignifying, connotative-stylistic, grammatical-syntactic, textual-pragmatic, and cultural-discursive.
Every parameter is worked through with sentence-level examples taken from literary, legal, and
scientific-technical material, and the resulting model is finally set beside the recent wave of corpusbased and machine-translation research. Full equivalence between the two languages, the analysis
concludes, is the exception rather than the rule; what remains reliably available is a set of defensible,
functional solutions, provided the translator weighs text type, audience, and communicative purpose
together. Equivalence here is not a fixed identity but something the translator builds, and ranks, anew
in each text
This article uses frame semantics, the concept of a communicative frame, us-age-based construction grammar theory, and a corpus-based quantitative methodology to examine the characteristics of constructions in Polish that contain adverbial complements (ACs), the noun rzecz ‘thing’, and the quasi-participle ujmując ‘expressing/putting’. The author analyzes examples of this construction found in the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) to understand its structural, semantic, distributional, and discourse-related features. In addition, the study identifies ACs that are strongly and weakly associated with this construction, and those that are more or less dependent on it. The research shows that this construction is often combined with various categories of ACs, each corresponding to distinct semantic and communicative frames. Furthermore, it has been observed that this construction is motivated by a specific conceptual metaphor, appears in different language registers, takes various forms, and serves multiple functions in discourse.
Prefixation is a morphological process which studies how morphemes are affixed in the beginning of their host words for either grammatical functions or for lexical expansion and derivation. This paper investigates aspects of the grammar of prefixation in English and Igbo Languages. It adopts a comparative theoretical framework, so as to identify the morphological similarities and difference in both languages. It also adopts the qualitative design, which gives the description of the data the way they are. The paper adopts both a primary and secondary methods of data collections. The primary data were basically from the native speaker’s competence, the researcher who is a speaker of the Igbo language supplied the necessary data. The secondary data were sourced from textual materials. The analysis shows grammatical and functional similarities and dissimilarities in both languages, as well derivative similarities and dissimilarities in both languages. Prefixes are used in both languages to derive new words, change word classes, but Igbo in additions realise grammatical functions with prefixes. The study of prefixation in both languages greatly reveals common universal principles of human language and at the same time, parametric variations in the languages, showing their uniqueness. The study concludes that prefixation in both languages are morphologically productive, being inflectional in the Igbo language; derivational flexible in both languages, and can as well perform different linguistic functions in both languages. The study notes the selective nature of the paper on instances of prefixation in both languages because of space, and thus, recommends an expanded investigation of the topic; and comparative investigation of other related morphological concepts, such as infixation, interfixation and suffixation in English and Igbo.
Okolo N Patrick, Florence Nne Agwu· World Journal of Advanced Re...· 0 citations
This study was motivated by the frequent use of sentences with the verb ada that require structural analysis, with the focus of the study directed toward the syntactic function of these sentences The data, consisting of 194 sentences composed by students in an academic context, were selected purposively and analyzed using a descriptive method based on Verhaar’s theory. The results reveal four constructions: N+Va, Va+N, N+Va+Num, and N+Va+N, with the Va+N construction being the most prevalent; verbs ada are always function as predicates and follow an inverted word order (P–S). These sentences are classified as simple and complex sentences with a variety of structural patterns. Furthermore, a shift in the category of the verb ada to an adverb was observed when it co-occurs with numerals, indicating its adaptability as an active element within numeral phrases, rather than merely a passive component, particularly in graded complex clause. This study demonstrates that the syntactic behavior of verbs ada constitutes a movement of verbs in occupying linguistic units at the syntactic level, namely the movement of verbs within grammatical units such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. The implications of these findings include up-to-date guidelines for teaching scientific sentence structure, analyzing academic discourse, and serving as a lexicographical reference to enrich grammatical information on word classes in monolingual Indonesian dictionaries.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh banyaknya penggunaan kalimat beverba ada yang memerlukan analisis struktural, dengan fokus kajian diarahkan pada fungsi sintaksis kalimat tersebut. Data berupa 194 kalimat yang disusun mahasiswa dalam konteks akademik dipilih secara purposif dan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teori Verhaar. Hasil menunjukkan empat konstruksi: N+Va, Va+N, N+Va+Num, dan N+Va+N, yang didominasi konstruksi Va+N; verba ada selalu berfungsi sebagai predikat dan berpola inversi (P–S). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut terklasifikasi dalam kalimat tunggal dan majemuk bertingkat dengan variasi pola yang beragam. Selain itu, ditemukan pergeseran kategori verba ada menjadi adverbia ketika berdampingan dengan numeralia menunjukkan adaptabilitasnya sebagai unsur aktif dalam frasa numeral, bukan sekadar komponen pasif, terutama dalam klausa kompleks bertingkat. Penelitian ini menujukkan perilaku sintaktis verba ada merupakan gerak verba dalam menempati satuan bahasa pada tataran sintaksis, yakni pergerakan verba pada satuan gramatika frasa, klausa, maupun kalimat. Implikasi temuan ini meliputi panduan mutakhir dalam pengajaran struktur kalimat ilmiah, analisis wacana akademik, serta rujukan leksikografi untuk memperkaya informasi gramatikal kelas kata dalam kamus ekabahasa bahasa Indonesia.
Encep Kusumah, Nunung Sitaresmi, Rudi Adi Nugroho M.Pd. et al.· Tabasa Jurnal Bahasa Sastra...· 1 citation
Slavic numeral phrases (numerically quantified expressions) have been a constant target of inquiry because of tangled agreement relations of a twofold nature. First, the agreement of the cardinal with the complement noun varies for paucal cardinals and higher cardinals five and above. Second, higher numerals exhibit ‘optional’ agreement with the verb, which may appear in singular neuter or plural form. We show that the ‘optional’ agreement varies upon the definiteness and determinacy of the referent of the numeral phrase. In showing that, we present data from the distribution of reciprocal and reflexive pronouns, approximative inversion, and collective nouns with numerals. Our analysis is typologically compatible with research on definiteness and plurality in Western Armenian (Sigler 1997), plurality and animacy in Turkish (Alexiadou 2019), and languages marking verbs for definiteness (Ortmann 2000), contributing to the study of morphological economy and pragmatic effects on agreement (Danon 2010; Corbett 2023).
Yehor Duma, Yoshiki Mori· Theoria et Historia Scientia...· 0 citations