Recuperative efficacy of Amphora coffeaeformis-enriched diet on immunotoxicological, hematobiochemical alterations, oxidative stress, proinflammatory genes disorder, and histopathological changes caused by cypermethrin toxicity in Nile tilapia.

Abstract

This work investigates the potential protective effects of the diatom Amphora coffeaeformis as a feed additive against the deleterious effects (primarily on immune organs) of cypermethrin (CYP) in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, with respect to hematology, immune/antioxidant parameters, biochemical indices, proinflammatory and apoptotic regulatory genes, and tissue architecture. For subacute exposure, a total of 240 healthy O. niloticus (30 ± 2.5 g) were allocated into four groups in triplicate (20 fish/replicate). The control and AMP groups were fed a basal diet and a 5% A. coffeaeformis supplement, respectively. The CYP and AMP+CYP groups were fed a basal diet and a 5% A. coffeaeformis supplement, respectively, and exposed to sublethal concentrations of CYP for 21 days. A substantial decrease in hematological indices (RBCs, Hb, PCV, and WBCs) and immune/antioxidant parameters (phagocytic and respiratory burst activities, GSH, TAC, SOD, and CAT) was observed with CYP exposure. Additionally, notable increases were observed in serum levels of hepatorenal indicators (ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, and uric acid), the lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides), the MDA lipid peroxidation biomarker, and pro-inflammatory IL1β and apoptotic Cas3 gene expression. Furthermore, hepatic and splenic tissues were severely affected by CYP exposure. Feeding CYP-exposed fish an A. coffeaeformis diet significantly improved hematological indices, immune/antioxidant status, hepatorenal function, and lipid profile, and decreased expression of the stress protein HSP70 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, TNFα, and CC1- chemokine) and the apoptotic Cas3 gene compared with CYP-exposed fish. Additionally, tissue architecture improved following A. coffeaeformis supplementation. Overall, A. coffeaeformis diets could be enriched as a feed supplement in the O. niloticus diet to alleviate adverse effects on fish health and immune response during CYP exposure.