Modern Approaches in Pea Improvement: A Review of Genetic Resources, Breeding Methods and Future Directions

Abstract

Peas (Pisum sativum) is diploid in nature (2n = 2x = 14) and exceptionally self-pollinated crop which contributed towards its narrow genetic base. Breeding plays an important role in agriculture by ensuring food security. The most common traditional breeding techniques used in order to improve Pea has been the method of hybridization followed by pedigree, bulk and modified bulk selection. Among all the methods, the back cross method of breeding has been used to transfer the desirable traits from the wild species to cultivated varieties. Traditional breeding approaches have played a significant role in the genetic improvement of peas, resulting in the development of several cultivars in various segments; however, with the advent of genomics and molecular breeding techniques (marker-assisted selection, genomic selection and genome editing) its genetic base can be widened and speed up the genetic improvement/variety development process. It holds great promise in enhancing genetic improvement by facilitating the identification and selection of desirable traits, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, improved yield, and increased nutrient content, through the introduction of precise genetic modifications. By utilizing modern techniques in breeding programs, multiple stress tolerant and productive pea varieties can be developed.