De novo assembly and comparative analysis of the first complete mitochondrial genome of the genus Anisomeles (Anisomeles indica)

Abstract

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze is an important traditional medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological activities, while no mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has yet been reported for this species or any member of the genus, limiting our understanding of organelle genome evolution and molecular characteristics within Lamiaceae. In this study, we report the first complete mitogenome of the genus Anisomeles , which was de novo assembled and annotated for A. indica using PacBio high-fidelity (HiFi) sequencing data. The mitogenome of A. indica was assembled as a single master circular molecule with a length of 296,457 bp and a GC content of 45.42%. A total of 51 genes were identified, including 32 protein-coding genes (PCGs), three rRNA genes and 16 tRNA genes. Repeat analysis revealed relatively low repeat abundance, with 60 simple sequence repeats, 136 dispersed repeats, and 15 tandem repeats identified. Furthermore, 30 mitochondrial plastid DNA sequences were detected (24,696 bp), suggesting a substantial contribution of plastid-derived sequences to the mitogenome. RNA editing analysis predicted 444 editing sites across all mitochondrial PCGs except atp1 . Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial and plastid genome datasets supported a closer relationship of A. indica with Pogostemon than with Phlomoides . This study provides the first mitogenomic resource for Anisomeles and establishes a foundation for future studies of mitogenome evolution, comparative genomics, and phylogenetic relationships within Lamiaceae.