A Review of Ship Path Planning for Autonomous Navigation: From Model-Driven Methods to Deep Reinforcement Learning
TL;DR
It is argued that progress will depend less on further algorithmic proliferation than on integrated, verifiable architectures that combine data-driven adaptation with model-based structure, standardized evaluation, and staged real-world assurance.
Abstract
Ship path planning is a central challenge in autonomous navigation for unmanned surface vehicles and maritime autonomous surface ships. It is not simply a shortest-path problem, but a constrained sequential decision process that must reconcile collision risk, route efficiency, COLREGs compliance, vessel dynamics, and environmental uncertainty. Here we review the field through a unified framework based on planning scope, decision basis, and deployment requirements. We examine search- and sampling-based, geometric and rule-based, optimization-based, learning-driven, and hybrid methods, with particular emphasis on deep reinforcement learning for discrete decisions, continuous maneuvering, multi-vessel interaction, and safety-oriented control. Representative studies are compared across objective and reward design, state representation, exploration and policy optimization, rule integration, disturbance modeling, simulation platforms, and operational validation. The synthesis identifies persistent barriers, including ambiguous rule formalization, partial observability, strategic coupling among vessels, inconsistent benchmarks, limited cross-scenario generalization, and insufficient full-scale validation. We further discuss priority directions in explicit safety constraints, digital twins, transfer and meta-learning, world models, scalable multi-agent coordination, and large-model-assisted mission reasoning. We argue that progress will depend less on further algorithmic proliferation than on integrated, verifiable architectures that combine data-driven adaptation with model-based structure, standardized evaluation, and staged real-world assurance.