Evaluation of Serum C-peptide levels, Insulin Resistance and Lipid profile in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Hospital-Based Study from Uttarakhand

Evaluating the relationship between C-peptide levels and insulin resistance in patients with and without diabetic complications

C-peptide can be used as an appropriate index for identifying IR in T2DM patients with complications and illustrated the clinical utility of C-peptide in microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy.

Obesity and Insulin Resistance: Clinical Relevance Analysis of Multiple Metabolic Indicators in Insulin Resistance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases worldwide, and insulin resistance is the core pathophysiological basis for its development. This study aims to explore the relationship between various metabolic-related indicators and insulin resistance in patients with T2DM, and to analyze the correlation between obesity indicators, glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, and serum uric acid with insulin resistance, providing a reference for clinical identification of insulin resistance.Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study, consecutively enrolling 263 patients with type 2 diabetes who received treatment at our center between August 2022 and August 2025. Patients were divided into a non-insulin-resistant group (n = 211) and an insulin-resistant group (n = 52) based on the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Baseline clinical data and laboratory parameters were collected, including body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin, fasting C-peptide, and serum uric acid. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index was also calculated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to screen for metabolic indicators associated with insulin resistance, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was then conducted to evaluate the discriminative ability of these indicators for insulin resistance.Results: Patients in the insulin resistance group had significantly higher levels of body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, TyG index, fasting C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and serum uric acid than the non-insulin resistance group (all p < 0.05), and a higher proportion of patients with hypertension (65.38% vs. 46.45%, p = 0.014). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that WHR, TyG index, fasting C-peptide, and serum uric acid were independently associated with insulin resistance. The area under the curve (AUC) for assessing insulin resistance using the combined indicators was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74–0.88), with a sensitivity of 79.0% and a specificity of 71.0%.Conclusion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, WHR and serum uric acid levels are significantly correlated with insulin resistance status. These indicators reflect various metabolic characteristics from different perspectives, including obesity, glucose and lipid metabolism, and pancreatic β-cell function, and may provide preliminary insights into the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Correlation of serum adiponectin with glycemic control and lipid profile in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a one of the leading disease had highest mortality and morbidity in worldwide, which is due to relative are absolute insulin deficiency and resistance adiponectin is a adipocytokine with primary role of regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism through insulin secretion and sensitivity in tissues. Therefore, it is of interest to correlate the serum adiponectin with glycemic control and lipid profile in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This study recruited a total one hundred and twenty subjects, among this sixty type 2 diabetes mellitus and remaining were healthy controls. The fasting venous blood sample were collected for measurement of blood sugars, glycated hemoglobin and lipid profile and adiponectin levels. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared to controls and these levels were inversely correlated with blood sugars, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (P=0.001**). Thus, data show that serum adiponectin might be considered a clinically relevant potential and therapeutic marker for management of blood sugars and lipid profile in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Comparing C-peptide and HbA1c levels in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes

Higher levels and strong positive correlation between HbA1c and C-peptide-especially in diabetics-suggests increased insulin secretion in response to poor glycemic control and insulin resistance.

Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) Index and Its Association with Vitamin D Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases have been identified in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Triglyceride – Glucose (TyG) index has been identified as the surrogate marker for insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency is known to contribute to poor metabolic profile. This study aimed at exploring the relation between TyG index and vitamin D and their association with cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with T2DM. Materials and Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 156 patients with T2DM presenting in tertiary care hospital. Anthropometry, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, and serum vitamin D were determined. TyG index, Cardiac Risk Ratio (CRR), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) were calculated. Group comparisons based on vitamin D deficiency and correlations were carried out using one-way ANOVA, Chi square and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: The mean age of participants was 52.1 ± 10.4 years, mean BMI was 27.3 ± 3.2 kg/m², mean TyG index was 9.85 ± 0.24, and mean serum vitamin D concentration was 18.0 ± 7.3 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 94 (60.3%) participants. Patients with vitamin D deficiency had higher BMI (28.6 ± 4.3 vs. 25.1 ± 3.2 kg/m²), TyG index (10.01 ± 0.25 vs. 9.63 ± 0.21), HbA1c (8.1 ± 1.6% vs. 7.5 ± 1.3%), Cardiac Risk Ratio (5.4 ± 1.7 vs. 4.5 ± 1.3), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (0.32 ± 0.26 vs. 0.18 ± 0.20) than vitamin D-sufficient participants. One-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in BMI (F (2,153) = 7.58, p < 0.001), TyG index (F (2,153) = 13.42, p < 0.001), Cardiac Risk Ratio (F (2,153) = 3.40, p = 0.036), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (F (2,153) = 3.27, p = 0.040), whereas differences in HbA1c were not statistically significant (F (2,153) = 1.55, p = 0.216). Vitamin D status showed significant associations with gender (χ² = 10.03, df = 2, p = 0.007) and BMI category (χ² = 15.44, df = 4, p = 0.004), whereas no significant association was observed with age group (χ² = 1.23, df = 4, p = 0.873). Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that the TyG index was positively correlated with HbA1c (ρ = 0.46), Cardiac Risk Ratio (ρ = 0.52), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (ρ = 0.61), and negatively correlated with vitamin D (ρ = −0.41) (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: The TyG index was significantly associated with adverse glycemic and atherogenic markers and inversely associated with vitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings suggest that the TyG index and vitamin D status are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors; however, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, and prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations. Key words: TyG index, Vitamin D, Insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular risk

Correlations between serum vaspin and measures of adiposity, insulin resistance, and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary facility in Calabar, Nigeria: a comparative cross-sectional study