Jul 2026· American Journal of Applied Statistics and Economics· Vol 5, pp. 1-11· 0 citations· 28 references
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important crops of Nepal in terms of area under cultivation, production and consumption with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.38, representing a highly profitable enterprise. There has been very limited study regarding the marketing aspect of wheat and almost no study regarding the best marketing decision which leads to significant losses. This study aims to assess the impact of farmers’ marketing decisions concerning time, place and quantity of wheat sales on profitability along with the factors affecting them. For this research, purposive sampling was done with 100 wheat-growing households. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi- structured questionnaire in Kobo toolbox and the descriptive and inferential data analysis was carried out using Ms-excel and STATA version 14.2. The main problem in cultivation was found to be irrigation and its associated cost. 3 probit regression models related to selling time (immediately after harvest or later), place of sale (home or distant market) and quantity sold (in installments or whole) were run. Annual wheat production was found to be significant in all conditions, indicating that larger producers have greater flexibility in their marketing decisions. Farmers with higher production are more likely to delay sales, sell privately from home, and sell in installments, likely due to their ability to manage storage, transport, and market risks better than smaller producers. The research recommends the authorities to assist farmers through a subsidy in irrigation costs and storage costs, along with providing market decision information to increase the economic efficiency and profitability of wheat growers.
Dairy farming is considered an ideal alternative source of income for marginal and small farmers in India. This study examined the factors influencing milk production and the distribution pattern among sample farmers in the Tal area of Bihar. Using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWoR), 90 dairy farmers were selected for primary data collection in 2022. Cost and return concepts were used to analyse the data, the Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to examine the factors affecting milk production, and Garrett’s ranking technique was used to identify milk-marketing constraints. The annual value of milk sold by the sample farmers was Rs. 85,040, with a return-to-cost ratio of 1.39. The Cobb-Douglas analysis indicated that dry fodder, concentrate, and veterinary charges were important factors affecting milk production. The coefficient for green fodder was negative, possibly because monocropping is practised only during the rabi season and green fodder is limited during seasonal flooding. Because milk is highly perishable, reliable marketing arrangements are required for its disposal. Of the overall marketed surplus of 21.13 litres, 26.41% was marketed through the organised sector and 73.59% through the unorganised sector. The principal constraints were low milk prices, delayed payments, green-fodder shortages caused by flooding, inadequate transport, and limited market information. The State Government has implemented various schemes to support farmers and small enterprises and strengthen livelihood security in Bihar.
Ajay Kumar, Nitu Kumari· Archives of Current Research...· 0 citations
The study was conducted in Kano state, the overall aims of this study was to analyze the profitability of wheat production in Kano state. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed for the study to select three out of seven Local Government Areas for this study. The L.G.As selected for this study were Kura, Bunkure and Bagwai. A total of 274 wheat farmers were interviewed. The data for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistic and farm budgeting techniques. The descriptive statistics results show the dominance of male farmers among wheat producers with a mean age of 46.01 years this shows that wheat producers are still agile and active in production, the Mean farming experience of the farmers was 15.17 years indicating that wheat production is an age-long venture in the study area and majority of the respondents obtain their production inputs directly from the market. However the Cost and returns associated with the use of different resources by the wheat farmers in the study area was determine through the use of Farm budgeting techniques, the total revenue for the production of wheat was ₦ 1,265,097.90 per hectare, while the total cost was ₦ 684,273.98 per hectare, given a Net Farm Income of ₦ 580,823.92 per hectare, indicating that wheat production is profitable in the study area. However, the result shows that 92% of the farmers agreed that High cost of production include inputs (labour, seed, fertilizers, and herbicides) was ranked first and most important constraint wheat farmers faced in the process of wheat production.
M. D. Muhammad, E. A. Ojoko, H. I. Ibrahim· FUDMA Journal of Renewable a...· 0 citations
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important and profitable crop in Pakistan due to its nutritional value, adaptability, and growing market demand. Despite this potential, limited economic assessments exist for Punjab. This study evaluates the economics of sweet potato cultivation in Sheikhupura District using primary data collected from 139 respondents through a field survey. Economic analysis was utilized to interpret the factors influencing production and profitability. The objectives were to estimate the cost of production, assess profitability, and identify measures to improve sweet potato production. Results show that farmers had an average of nine years of education and 22 years of farming experience, with 58.1% engaged full-time in agriculture. The average farm size was 5.32 acres, while the mean sweet potato area was 1.87 acres. Canal irrigation was the dominant water source (71%), and most farmers depended on rented tractors (71%). The total cost of cultivation was Rs. 442,851 per acre. Average output was 101.58 bags per acre (55 kg each), generating a gross income of Rs. 315,881. Net income amounted to Rs. 212,996 with land rent and Rs. 251,329 without land rent, confirming that sweet potato production is economically viable and profitable. Major constraints included high input and machinery costs, price fluctuations, and collusion among commission agents. The study recommends improving access to affordable inputs, strengthening farmers’ knowledge of modern production practices, and enhancing government-led price monitoring to support sustainable sweet potato production in Punjab.
Hafeeza Noor, A. Adeel, Ather Mehmood et al.· Journal of Agribusiness and...· 0 citations
This study was undertaken to estimate the financial profitability and to assess the factors affecting adoption of soybean production in Noakhali and Lakshmipur districts of Bangladesh. To collect primary data, a structured interview schedule was used to interview 90 farmers using stratified random sampling technique. A combination of descriptive, mathematical and statistical techniques were employed to analyze the data. According to the findings, 47 percent of farmers were small in farm size category. Financial profitability analysis shows that soybean production was profitable with benefit cost ratio (1.43). The logit regression model demonstrated that farmers’ education, farm size, farm income, extension contact, crop diversification practiced, and distance to market had a significant effect on farmers' decision to pursue soybean cultivation.The research findings also indicated that higher price of seed and fertilizer, low price of output and lack of transportation facilities were the major problems for input, production and marketing of soybean, respectively. Among all the problems, high price of seed and fertilizer had the highest problem confrontation index value (255) as first rank. The study recommended for ensuring affordable price of seed and fertilizers along with better infrastructure and transportation facilities to overcome the problems. Furthermore, government needs to implement subsidy scheme and assistance should be provided from the personnel of Department of Agricultural Extension to enhance soybean production in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 48(3): 293-305, September 2023
M. Uddin, SS Roy, M. Nasrin et al.· Bangladesh Journal of Agricu...· 0 citations
Economic sustainability is an important factor for long-term agricultural business. It refers to the situation in which farmers face increasing pressure to maintain profitability while also addressing production challenges and market volatility. The case involved premium melon cultivation, where variety selection becomes a strategic management decision because each variety has unique characteristics in terms of production durability, fruit quality, and consumer preference, all of which have a direct impact on the farm's financial performance. A comparative economics report is available to assist decision-makers in selecting melon varieties that will improve long-term business sustainability. This study assesses the economic viability of Sweet Net and Okasa F1, a variety grown by Beken Community in Sukajaya, Bekasi. The case used financial indicators such as Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Break-Even Point (BEP), and Payback Period, as well as a qualitative descriptive analysis from a Beken Community team member. The case results show that the Sweet Net outperforms Okasa F1 in terms of economic performance, with a gross profit margin of 39%, a Benefit-Cost Ratio of 1.6, and a quick payback period of approximately three years. According to the operations and marketing team, Sweet Net is more susceptible to fruit cracking and, as previously stated, requires extensive maintenance support. According to the statement, the improved profitability was largely attributed to its sweeter taste, crisper texture, and consumers' willingness to pay a higher price. Okasa F1's sweetness and fruit character appear to be less appealing to market value, resulting in a lower investment return, despite significantly lower production costs and better fruit durability. The findings demonstrate the potential for variety to generate profit for farmers by investigating how plant resistance, fruit traits, and customer preferences influence economic outcomes in the Beken Community. This approach may provide melon farmers and stakeholders with insights into optimising variety selection for strategic socioeconomic decisions. This study provides both short-term financial liquidity and long-term community resilience; it also improves the community business model.
Dewi Gayatri, Rachmi Satwhikawara, Lukas Sangka Pamungkas et al.· International journal of res...· 0 citations
The study examined the determinants of level of commercialization among horticultural crops (okra and maize) farmers in Southeast Nigeria. It specifically estimated the profitability of the two enterprises; and established the determinants of level of commercialization of the enterprises. Multistage and random sampling techniques were used to select 300 farmers, however 240 (120 maize and 120 okra) farmers with properly completed copies of the questionnaire were used in data collation. Primary data were collected by means of structured questionnaire, which were administered to the farmers by personal interview. The collected data were analyzed using budgetary method and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis. The result of enterprise budgeting indicated net return on investment values of 0.55 for maize and 0.73 for okra farmers. This implied that the two enterprises were profitable, however the okro enterprise was more profitable than the maize enterprise having returned 73kobo against the 55 kobo returned by the maize enterprise per Naira (100kobo) investment. The significant determinants of level of commercialization among the maize farmers were marital status, education, years of experience and union membership while those for okra farmers were quantity produced, gender, age, marital status and years of experience. Government in collaboration with private initiatives should ensure the provision of soft loans to the farmers to enable them operate at minimal cost and earn more profit.
U. A, Azubugwu, N. M· International journal of res...· 0 citations
