Signaling pathways and targeted therapy in high-risk refractory thyroid cancer: From bench to bedside (Review)

Molecular pathways and emerging therapeutic strategies in advanced thyroid cancer: from targeted therapy to precision oncology.

Collectively, the advances are an indication of a transition to the personalized, mechanism-driven treatment strategies that would prolong the survivability of patients with advanced thyroid cancer, conquer resistance, and reduce systemic toxicity.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer: genomic landscape, molecular drivers and novel therapeutics.

Progress in the understanding of ATC biology is highlighted, with a focus on driver genetic alterations, metabolic plasticity and microenvironmental interactions that underpin its exceptional aggressiveness, to provide a rationale for the design of multimodal therapeutic strategies urgently needed to improve outcomes for patients with ATC.

APC alterations in papillary thyroid carcinoma: molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and future perspective

Advances in FGFR Inhibition for Bladder Cancer: A Review of Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Progress

This review underscores the transformative potential of molecular profiling and FGFR-targeted therapies in the evolving management of bladder cancer, with special attention given to the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway.

Role of estrogen receptor α in the regulation of breast cancer progression: signaling pathways and therapeutic implications.

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is central to breast-cancer initiation, progression, and endocrine resistance. This narrative review uses a transparent, non-systematic search of peer-reviewed English-language literature published from 2017 through 2025 to integrate ERα structure and isoforms, genomic and non-genomic signaling, post-translational regulation, tumor-microenvironment interactions, heterogeneity, and therapeutic development. The synthesis distinguishes mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical evidence and highlights areas of uncertainty. ESR1 ligand-binding-domain mutations are rare in untreated primary disease but are enriched after endocrine selection in metastatic disease; emerging oral SERDs, ER-directed PROTACs, and biomarker-matched pathway combinations show heterogeneous results across overall and molecularly defined populations. ER-low disease remains a clinically important category requiring confirmation of pathology, integration of tumor biology and disease setting, and individualized use of endocrine and chemotherapy-based strategies. Overall, therapeutic progress increasingly depends on matching ERα-directed interventions to dynamic biomarkers, resistance mechanisms, treatment history, and tolerability rather than assuming uniform benefit across ER-positive disease.

Aberrant Signal Transduction Pathways in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current Perspectives on Molecular Targets

Pancreatic cancer is among the most aggressive neoplasms worldwide, with a significantly low five-year survival rate as reported in the literature. Pancreatic tumours are predominantly diagnosed as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is characterized by poor prognosis, late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and resistance to standard chemotherapy. Recent advances in the field of molecular and genomic biology have improved the understanding of the genetic underpinnings of this disease. The review discusses the key genetic drivers of pancreatic carcinogenesis, including KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and BRCA1/2. The mechanisms of action of these genes and their impact on the signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of PDAC are described. These genes encode proteins that participate in the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, cell cycle progression, TGF-β signaling pathway, and homologous recombination DNA repair mechanisms. The review emphasizes the role of these genes as therapeutic biomarkers for the development of targeted molecular therapy. The current management strategies targeting these mechanisms and the emerging therapeutic agents that may be considered in the future for the management of patients with pancreatic cancer are discussed.