Using pseudovirus particles, it is shown that subclade K-HA drives augmented entry into certain cell lines and displays significant antibody evasion, suggesting that current vaccines may provide considerable protection.
Abstract
In 2025, a mutated H3N2 lineage, subclade K, emerged, showing high activity in many regions. Mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) may affect cell entry and antibody-mediated neutralisation. Using pseudovirus particles, we show that subclade K-HA drives augmented entry into certain cell lines and displays significant antibody evasion. Both phenotypes were linked to mutation A186D. Influenza vaccination significantly boosted H3N2 subclade K neutralisation, suggesting that current vaccines may provide considerable protection.
Significance Influenza A pandemics greatly affect the human population every few decades when a novel animal virus breaches the species barrier. The H1N1 pandemic of 2009 (H1N1pdm09) is the first pandemic in the genomics era, which allows us to identify and study in detail mutations in prepandemic swine viruses associa...
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