Aug 2026· Discover Animals· Vol 3· 0 citations· 29 references
TL;DR
A baseline health profile for clinically healthy dromedary camels in eastern Sudan is established and the influence of sex and age on key physiological and hematological parameters are assessed to be assessed.
Abstract
The dromedary camel is essential to pastoral livelihoods in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa due to its exceptional adaptability to harsh environments. However, locally derived hematological and physiological reference values under Sudanese conditions remain limited. This study aimed to establish a baseline health profile for clinically healthy dromedary camels in eastern Sudan and to assess the influence of sex and age on key physiological and hematological parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2024 and September 2025 in Al-Showak, Gadarif State, involving 230 apparently healthy camels. Physiological parameters assessed using standard clinical methods included rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates, blood pressure, capillary refill time, hydration status, forestomach motility, and buccal mucosal bleeding time. Hematological analyses comprised packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, red blood cell indices, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Mean physiological values were within normal ranges, with rectal temperature of 37.84 ± 0.96 °C, pulse rate of 32.25 ± 2.69 beats/min, and respiration rate of 15.56 ± 2.06 breaths/min. Mean hematological values included packed cell volume of 29.25 ± 2.35%, hemoglobin concentration of 11.79 ± 1.11 g/dL, and red blood cell count of 7.22 ± 0.77 × 10⁶/µL. Rectal temperature differed significantly between sexes, while age influenced rectal temperature and body condition score (p < 0.05). Body condition score correlated positively with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and negatively with leukocyte fractions. This study provides reliable baseline reference values for clinical evaluation, health monitoring, and evidence-based camel husbandry under semi-arid conditions.
Season-specific RIs are provided for analytes with substantial seasonal effects of apparently healthy Mongolian Bactrian camels to support clinical interpretation and herd health monitoring under Mongolian pastoral conditions.
Tsognemekh Bolormaa, B. Sandagdorj, Sedkhuu Burenjargal et al.· Journal of Veterinary Medica...· 0 citations
The Black Marsh Turtle (Siebenrockiella crassicollis), a common freshwater species in Thailand, is currently listed as endangered. To support effective health assessment and conservation, this study established hematological and biochemical reference ranges for S. crassicollis and evaluated alterations in blood profiles associated with improper environmental conditions and illness. Blood samples from 56 turtles were analyzed, including clinically healthy individuals (32; 15 males and 17 females) and unhealthy individuals (24). The hematologic and biochemical parameters, including red blood cell indices, white blood cell counts and differentials, as well as blood chemistry values such as proteins, liver enzymes, metabolites, and minerals, were evaluated and summarized as baseline data. Among hematologic parameters, lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in males than in females. In contrast, females exhibited higher levels of cholesterol and phosphorus, while males showed higher activity of certain liver enzymes. Variations in some biochemical parameters were also observed and appeared to be associated with environmental factors, particularly differences in water quality among sampling sites. The results of this study provide important baseline information for improving the understanding of health status, clinical assessment, and appropriate husbandry of this protected species, ultimately contributing to more effective conservation strategies.
Jarukit Kunakornruangkit, Chinnawat Jamonjindamani, Pattawan Pongsupanimit et al.· 0 citations
These highly powered, sedation-contextualized RI provide a definitive, species-specific diagnostic framework that will significantly enhance veterinary care, colony management, and the interpretation of translational research utilizing A. nancymaae.
Carlos Gaspar, M. Nieto, N. Espinoza et al.· Scientific Reports· 0 citations
Background Metritis is a major cause of infertility, contributing to repeat breeding, early embryonic loss, fetal mortality, and abortion. Methods This study investigated alterations in metabolic, hormonal, oxidative, immunological, and molecular markers associated with metritis susceptibility in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 100 non-lactating multiparous females (87 healthy and 13 metritic) were examined. Blood samples were collected and analyzed to evaluate hematobiochemical parameters, inflammatory and antioxidant markers, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected immune- and antioxidant-related genes. Results Metritic animals exhibited fever and abnormal uterine discharge. Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of CARD9, SIGLEC1, VSIG4, BTRC, SLC2A3, ACOD1, and PFKFB3, alongside downregulation of CPT1A, ATF4, GADD45B, SLC7A11, and PRDX3. Sequencing identified 19 SNPs, with significant differences in genotype distribution between groups, and discriminant analysis achieved complete classification accuracy. Hematological findings included normocytic normochromic anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis. Biochemically, metritic camels showed hypoglycemia and decreased levels of estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH, T4, calcium, and antioxidant markers (GSH, CAT, and TAC), while NEFA, BHBA, cortisol, MDA, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, IL6, IL10, and TNFα) were significantly elevated. Conclusion Overall, clinical metritis in dromedary camels was associated with significant hematological, metabolic, hormonal, oxidative, immunological, and genetic alterations. These findings identify a panel of reproductive and molecular biomarkers that may serve as promising candidate biomarkers associated with clinical metritis. However, given the observational nature of the study and the relatively small number of metritic she-camels, these findings should be interpreted with caution and require validation in larger, independent camel populations before their diagnostic, prognostic, or breeding applications can be established.
H. Alqhtani, Ahmed Elsayed, Tahani M. I. Al-Hazani et al.· Frontiers in Veterinary Scie...· 0 citations
Background: Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide attacking both high- and low-income countries. It is characterized by decreased hemoglobin (HB) levels and a reduced number of circulating erythrocytes (RBCs), resulting in an insufficient erythrocyte mass needed for physiological demands. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in General Hospital of Kirkuk city, Iraq. 48 patients were included and they were complaining of anaemia. Age and gender were recorded for all participants. Complete blood counts and ferritin estimation were carried out. Results: Erythrocytes numbers ranged between 3.5 to 6.4 x 106/μl. The highest concentration of haemoglobulin was found among age group ≥ 51-60 years old. Haematocrit (HCT) values ranged from 37.42% to 41.43% across age groups and the highest mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) was 84.1Fl. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) ranged between 26.3 to 28.5 pg among different age groups. The present study revealed also that mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value ranged between 33.15 to 33.95 ± 0.46 g/dL among age groups studied. Ferritin levels among the studied age groups varied with the highest level observed in ≥51-60 age group and the value was 57.83 ± 22.12 ng/mL whereas the lowest mean was seen in 41-50 years age group with value equal to 32.25 ± 19.65 ng/Ml. Conclusions: Comparison of haematological parameters among the five age groups revealed no statistically significant age-related differences (P > 0.05). Although ferritin, lymphocyte count, MCV and haematocrit showed some numerical fluctuations between age groups, these variations were not statistically different. Erythrocyte count was the only parameter showing a statistically significant gender difference (P < 0.05) utilizing Mann-Whitney U test. Because only summary statistics were available, these data would be regarded as descriptive comparisons rather than indication of significant correlations.
M. Al-Jebouri, Mohammed Salah Hassan, Qamar Raad Darweesh et al.· Middle East Research Journal...· 0 citations
A previous study showed that the feline trypsin-immunoreactivity assay (fTLI) does not crossimmunoreact with cheetahs, and cobalamin and folate concentrations were well below the reference interval limits for domestic cats, but this has not been evaluated in jaguars.4 The objective of this study was to obtain gastrointestinal (GI) biomarker measurements in jaguars under managed care, compare the values to the domestic cat reference range, and determine their validity for future medical protocols. Serum samples from participating institutions were submitted to the GI Lab at Texas A&M University to measure serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, fTLI, and feline pancreatic lipase immunoassay. Any documented GI medical conditions were also recorded. Results (n = 104) were analyzed from 72 jaguars (28 males and 44 females; 1.25–23 yr old) and compared with reference intervals established in domestic cats.14–16 The majority of results for pancreatic-like immunoassay (n = 68) were within reference intervals for domestic cats (median 0.4 µg/L, range 0.3–4.3), but many samples tested for cobalamin (n = 63; mean 199 ng/L; range 149–290), fTLI (n = 62; median 7.4 µg/L; range 0.1–11.7) and folate concentrations (n = 54; median 5.5 µg/L; range 1.04–34.2) were below them. All jaguars with abnormal fTLI concentrations lacked clinical signs associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, such as poor hair coat, weight loss, or malodorous feces. This study demonstrated that domestic cat reference intervals for GI biomarkers such as cobalamin and fTLI are most likely not valid for jaguars as well.
Tamara N. Kruse, Jörg M. Steiner· Journal of zoo and wildlife...· 0 citations